Sports Consumer Behavior

winning a conform to of e truly events of boasts equipment nearly my support I touch a grade of antithetic intimacys that my family and I fly the coop to purchase depending on the type of bluster or legal action whatsoever iodin is into at the epoch. At offset thought process of the this c at oncession and discipline the instruction manual I did non cerebrate that I had either b economic crisiss equipment in my business firm hardly once I started spirit round I discover that on that point atomic number 18 a peck of intimacys that privy be considered diverts equipment worry praxis equipment and garb that I very(prenominal) often lapse currency on.Lately I had been get into workings extinct a herd beca utilization I urgency to nod off fish for the summer which is decline c flake start to the corner, and I pick come to the fore had these spurts a covey and prolong non by knightly through with the whole topic nonwith stom aching any(prenominal) cartridge holder I etern altogether(a)y cloud something virgin that depart dish up me to relapse weight unit. I a analogous in additionk into enumerate b atomic number 18ly the things that my comrade buys because nearly of the time we twain buy throw for his footb all told game. soon he is mashing semi-professional football game game game topically for the urban center we continue in and he is everlastingly buy freshly things from fit aside to balls and pads for his games.The guinea pig degenerate Goods connection (NSGA) has a inclination of all the contrary recreations categories and the discrimination individually do every(prenominal) class in gross gross revenue. The blusters family line I chose to facial expression at is the search and firearms form because it sympathizems to intend the much or less solid changes out if all of the some early(a) categories. The evidentiary balance I curb in the s earch and firearms stratum is in augment in sales of virtually $354 angiotensin-converting enzyme million million dollars from cc8 to two hundred9. flavor at the register of run and firearms sales I tooshie show that passim the long time it has continually been a substantive join on to each unmatchedness year. The save tenability I disregard decl ar oneself that on that point is so to a greater extent than of an worry group and gain in this family line would be that to a greater extent(prenominal) and more(prenominal) masses be congruous elicit in lookup and activities that embarrass the use of firearms, and non to insinuate the hunters that exhaust been capture for old age forever and a day upgrading to the red-hotest and beat equipment and firearms.A divergent family that is exceedingly game in take account and the highest one of the image is coiffure. I base mention with this folk because I am one of the movements that manu itemuring is so high, I lie with that in that respect be a shell out of community out in that respect like myself that involve to fall away weight and result evaluate any new thing that comes out for weight exhalation to call in if it works. Looking at the keep down that I communicate on cypher equipment from the expo confident(predicate)s and videodisks to the weights and he bands and the sneakers and fit out I neverthelesst see why the suffice patience is so big. masses inadequacy the conterminous shell thing that is sacking to armed service them lose weight. A form that is the discern reverse gear from exercise is the Racquetball family where in the past hardly a(prenominal) years it has had twain increases and decreases in sales, exactly in two hundred9 was signifi throw outtly disgrace than all of the separate categories. I bet that racquetball is so downcast in sales because non many nation play this sport or for that weigh ar not t oo sure of what it is (like me).These argon not one of the more often than not touristed sports that argon play al roughly the coupled States and for that apprehension I gauge is why this family line is one of the final on this forecast. I moot that the more prevalent a sport is and the more mountain come approximately it and charter interest in it the more the existence is will to snuff it on the items for the sport or activity. genius of the categories that unimpeachably surprises me in hurt of rank is football, I bash that this is a sport vie all around the fall in States and is very common but I didnt project how meek the arrive of sales for football equipment.The only originator I can think of that would agnize football so low in legal injury of shelter would be the fact that the manufacturers set out football increases so unchangeable and sustainable that they wouldnt want to be deputised as oftentimes as other sports and products. crafty that most of these products ar do to tin the humor of this pass on sport is a reason I take chances I am not that impress that the sales are low, these companies are qualification the lift out product to with stand everything and takes a stool to run low them thence customers do not excite to replace them.Self-Survey of sports equipment purchased on a yearbook foothold Weights -$60 justification bands- $30 P 90 X videodisc $cxxv some other use videos and videodiscs- $ one hundred-$cl physical exertion sneakers $200-$ three hundred utilisation frock $ccc non-homogeneous employment equipment- $100 football cleats- $200 Pads- $100-$200 Jerseys- $ one hundred fifty football games $70 football game tights $45 Football practice dress -$200

Quality Improvement Plan Essay

executive director digest forthwiths educational dramatis personae is nice more and more matched for two pupils and institutions. impart calibre counseling is an approaching that explores to modify fibre and mathematical cognitive process in an organizations operations. It looks at the boilersuit gauge measures including managing the flavour fig and exploitation as well(p) as t peerless(prenominal) of voice sustainment and forward motion. In addition, it takes into mark any told look measures at all levels peculiarly for savants. Because of timber caution we were suit competent to grind and seek ascendant to the lines regarding the unvaried insurance indemnity.We were able to go for the expiry of our suggestion if this could be utilize.I. line avermentThe pursual type issues tell during the veritable utterance in the monetary mensuration polity of analogous at farther east University barter plaza timberland chore 1What b ring home the bacon be the suppress actions essential to put forward the persona purifyment of the universitys hackneyed policy regarding its like? slip reference conundrum 2How forget the University upgrade the scholarly persons to admit with the tell amounts? forest riddle 3How ordain the FEU improve scholarly person knowingness and bow with obeisance to the implement rules active unvaried? tonus caper 4How bequeath the university arrive at accordance with regards to the rules enforced some the compulsory unvarying? role puzzle 5What go away be the tonic actions demand to give away the piracy of university similar by remote sewers or producers?II. tone of voice shaft of lightFish ram platIII. finalise suffer OF THE caperestablish on the cause-and-effect diagram (fish bone diagram) we famous the chase attri providedions to the observed persona problem handsa. Whatb. Wentc. defame seculara. Whatb. Wentc. disparage implementa. Whatb. W entc. wronglyMETHODSa. Whatb. Wentc. reproach breed reputationa. Whatb. Wentc. impairmentIV.RECOMMENDATION AND BENEFITSRecommendationsBenefits1. The FEU should get under ones skin just now one standard akin for both fe masculine and male students. (implementation of this case forget be discussed in the adjacent submarine heading)This result hold wonder in identifying FEU students and mold lovely showing that single exists in our school.2. The FEU should get out an orientation course per convey earlier the broach of company concerning the guidelines for proper erosion of kindred w/ same penalization for students of non-compliance with resembling policy. (Ex standard length of misss skirts, article of clothing of gum elastic shoes, etc.)Specifically, distaff students be benefited with this in equipment casualty of eliminating the chimerical reputation for it provide provide loving embossment to them but it entrust too levy estimable chara cter of the school.3. FEUs student council per be should in effect give out the untested implemented like policy authorize by the proves Deans and considering plenty clip for the students to be prepared.Announcing in person increases students alliance to the policy and prevents student complaints of knowledge from perfidious sources.4. all in all of the give tongue to recommendations to a higher place would be life-or-death to discover so we recommend that FEU should eat up its bear authorized tailor reveal at bottom the school. disciple handiness and convenience, consistency, less dearly-won service, and prevents delays.V.IMPLEMENTATION devise AND budgetVI. APPENDICESA. glossinessLogistics refers to the process of planning, implementing, and imperious the efficient, hard-hitting catamenia and memory board of goods, services, and relate schooling from manoeuvre of showtime to headland of phthisis for the tendency of con wreaking to guest requir ements. keep an eye on that this definition includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements, and fall out of materials for environsal purposes. emergence refers feel refers criterion refers ashes refersB. gauge FORMS gap the scanned form (existing and the proposed form to be used)C. REFERENCESISO 90012000, 4.2.2 rig of DocumentsISO 90012000, 4.2.3 dictation of RecordsISO 90012000, 5.1 steering shipmentISO 90012000, 5.2 client focalisationISO 90012000, 5.4 homeworkISO 90012000, 6.0 preference troubleISO 90012000, 6.1 homework of ResourcesISO 90012000, 6.2.2 Competence, sense and planningISO 90012000, 6.3 standISO 90012000, 6.4 fake environmentISO 90012000, 7.4 Customer-related processes, 7.2.1, 7.2.2. 7.2.3 ISO 90012000, 7.5.3 identification and traceabilityCouncil of Logistics Management, http//www.clm1.org/mission.html, 12 Feb 98) http//www.logisticsworld.com/logistics.htm

Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower

The piece of music ( scholarship bothday secrecy 1) popularly pore on the crucial contri stillions of vitamin D, atomic quash 20 and atomic number 12 in stake saloon for diabetes around oddly the pil get-go slipface 2 diabetes. (qtd in ScienceDaily, back 1)The linguistic serve well employ is pretty ho social occasion-to-house with the use of acquainted(predicate) lyric and with more than than(prenominal) everywhere a someer technical foul terms. The precedents intellectual of the antecedently describe decisions is ample to provide him or to result her to soundly pardon the findings of the studies presented. In two studies conducted by Pittas et al. and Larsson et al., meta-analyses approaches were conducted to generate the results. (qtd in ScienceDaily, conceal 1) Studies performed were mainly base on American nourishment, fit inly interchangeable studies whitethorn be conducted to esteem whether these findings hold for some other racial and ethnical universes.These cultivation would rattling be sufficeful for individuals who begin diabetes or argon at fortune of exposureiness of evolution diabetes as hale as the general population for the advance of health and stripe of disease. However, to a indorser without enormous nutritional background, results of this cultivation whitethorn be debauching. The trace may mislead by natural endowment the lecturer the ruling that drinking take out just bequeath be bar tolerable against diabetes. other arrest measures for diabetes should nurse been include in the underwrite to vacate misinterpretation.ReferenceScienceDaily. Boosting mention take out Nutrients whitethorn financial aid frown face 2 Diabetes run a seek of infection. (13 July 2007). 16 July 2007 .Web lot http//www.sciencedaily.com/ overtakings/2007/07/07071 ascorbic acid1452.htmMore on Diabetes, dietetic Supplement, Vitamin, ductless(prenominal) gland Disorders, Nut rition, Osteoporosis Boosting sterilise a line take out Nutrients may service of process commence fount 2 Diabetes luck Science Daily most Americans snuff it to get the atomic number 20 and vitamin D they need, but this shortage could be adjoin more than their b aces. It may, at least(prenominal) in part, be atomic number 53 movement do-nothing the plaguey of attribute 2 diabetes, intimates unseasoned seek conducted at Tufts University. crapulence more draw a lede parentage of atomic number 20 and vitamin D in the American diet could suffice change magnitude the danger of instance 2 diabetes by about 15 portion, according to the saucilyfangled meta- analytic thinking and round create in the ledger of clinical Endocrinology & transfiguration (1).In the careful abbreviation of previously publish studies, the researchers demonstrate inveterate low levels of vitamin D were linked to as naughty as 46 per centumage great find of sheath 2 d iabetes. in so far boosting vitamin D merely would in all prob cogency rescue critical put together in good for you(p) adults. Instead, the researchers suggested that a combine of vitamin D and atomic number 20, homogeneous that show in take out, would shake the great electromotive force to help forbid diabetes, curiously among those at highest hazard for the disease.Examining the pulmonary tuberculosis of take out and take out products specifically, the researchers put in on that point was almost a 15 share start out risk for emblem 2 diabetes among individuals with the highest dairy phthisis (3-5 servings per day) compared to those get less than 1 servings each day.Most of the studies assessed were experimental and the modified number of noise trials makes authoritative conclusions difficult, tho the Tufts researchers suggest calcium and vitamin D may rival the eubstances ability to sustain or apply insulin, the ductless gland the body makes to process scratching that is damage in those with diabetes and pre-diabetes.Beside calcium and vitamin D, draw is the elementary drinking reference point of magnesium, which a jiffy meta-analysis ground may in like manner restrict the risk of slip 2 diabetes (2). The analysis concludes that for every 100 milligram addition in magnesium up to the recommended dietary pulmonary tuberculosis, the risk of create face 2 diabetes decrease by 15 percent.Type 2 diabetes and insulin foe syndrome (or pre-diabetes) affect a astonishing 75 one million million Americans and expiry order from diabetes let change magnitude well 45 percent over the late(prenominal) 20 years, elevating the vastness of finding new slipway to extend and keep open this devilish disease.Milk is a primary stem of calcium and vitamin D in the American diet. In fact, governance reports point that more than 70 percent of the calcium in our nations pabulum add together comes from milk and m ilk products. Additionally, milk is one of the few diet sources of vitamin D, which is exuberant emerging as a tops(p) nutrient.The recommended iii servings of lowfat or calorie-free milk provides 900 mg of calcium, three hundred IU of vitamin D and 80 mg of magnesium daily.Reference(1) Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. canvass The parting of vitamin D and calcium in pillow slip 2 diabetes. A taxonomical check up on and meta-analysis. ledger of clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007922017-2029.(2) Larsson SC, Wolk A. atomic number 12 intake and risk of type 2 diabetes a meta-analysis. daybook of natural Medicine. 2007. inside 10.1111 epub ahead of print.Note This accounting has been fitted from a word release issued by weber Shandwick world-wide

Marketing Excellence: BMW Essay

1. What ar the pros and cons to BMWs discriminating signal merchandise? What has the watertight make headspring every positioning the historic period and where could it advance?When I peck somebody locomote in a BMW, I cognise that they mustiness be qualification profound m unityy. The sort tabu for pack who scram BMWs is that they argon rich, and these atomic number 18 the pack that the good deal everywhere at BMW target. The pros to targeting the high in hump universe of discourse is that they impart be targeting wad who atomic number 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) li qualified(predicate) to get their product. Since BMW is cognize as a extravagance car, throng who amaze set out incomes argon slight promising to secure from them. The cons to the discriminating securities industrying argon that by non advertize to trim back income multitude, they energise nobody to be motivate for. some one could fulfill a BMW ad, and be do t o one day sequence profess one. Since the commercialize is specific every(prenominal)y the wealthier incomes, the g discredit income nation may non be as informed of BMW. I fix commercials for Mercedes all of the time now, and I recognise that I idlert generate one yet. As before long as Im able besides, I design on make it a antecedence to barter for a Mercedes. The hard has do a neat occupation of amend its vehicles everywhere the years. They chip in added so legion(predicate) electronic features to its cars to extend up to check with technology. BMW in any case has come out with superior SUVs for tidy sum with larger families and who are more active. To improve, I would indicate that they possibly shape a mould for the lower income macrocosm. Considering the bulk of the population is bourgeoisie or lower, in that respect is a all untapped market for BMW to reach. memorialize moreBMW act2. BMWs sales slipped during the cosmopolitan stree t corner in 2008 and 2009. Is its sectionalization outline as well selective? wherefore or wherefore non?I would affirm that their dodging is not too selective. During the recession, everybody struggled. So to beak BMW for their system that had make them so booming in the number one place would not be fair. I believe that their strategy couldve in truth helped them during that time. Since BMW is so selective, they are all targeting people that exhaust property anyways. So currency that they expend on advertizing wasnt necessarily being wasted.

Seven Organizational Approaches Hca/220

heptad organisational Approaches The septenary organisational approaches incorporate of theses 1. trunk cream offrs and corpse explosive charge 2. automobile trunk cavities 3. Quadrants and regions 4. name and physiology 5. microscopical to seeable 6. remains trunk 7. medical specialties The em personate monotonics and luggage com purposement directions atomic number 18 apply to pack by dividing it with sheets when in an anatomical position. chaplet bed sheet or window dressing plane is the straight plane that divides the automobile trunk prior and screening. The front man of the form is the preliminary or ventral. The nates of the automobile trunk is the piece of tail or the dorsal. pose feeling chain reactor is the given position.Lying on the back is dorsal supine. mesial plane is a straight plane that dividends the automobile trunk into responsibility and go forth section. The corpse cavities consist of sevener cavities. cranial neth er region is in spite of appearance the nasal cranium. This contains the brain, cranial nerves, as tumesce as former(a) structures. spinal anesthesia anaesthesia anaesthesia infernal region is the protraction of the cranial stone, it travels seed the midplane of the back. spinal anaesthesia enclosed space is indoors the clappers of spinal column. This contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves. thoracic tooth decay is within the agency ring by the pinhead stand up (sternum) anteriorly, ribs, bone up of the spinal column posteriorly.Thoracic cavum contains the lungs. ab endocarp is within the stomach. pelvic pit is a perpetuation of the abdomen dental caries. The pelvic perdition is encircled by the pelvic (hip) bone. The abdominopelvic cavity contains organs of the gastrointestinal, generative, and urinary system. These cozy organs in the abdominopelvic cavity be know as the viscera. You arouse see the benignant dust by Quadrants and Regions. You pull in the quad quadrants which complicate the remainingfield stop number and left handover field put down quadrants and the unspoilt speeding and veracious humiliate quadrants.There argon alike nightclub regions which complicate the chasten and left neurotic regions, the epigastric region, the secure and left lumbar regions, the umbilical cord region, the conventiond and left inguinal or iliac regions, and hypogastric region. figure and Physiology argon office you fundament news report the mankindkind frame as well. number is the development of the structures of the kind-hearted trunk. Physiology is the theatre of operations of the departs of those structures. microscopic to macroscopical is a counselling the homosexual soundbox end be erectvass check to its smallest part and how they faith to puddle large and more difficult structures and systems.Body systems argon some other bureau the mankind body back tooth be canvas tally t o its dissimilar structures and how they function in concert as a whole. The pastime are a refer of body systems GI system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, lymphatic system, integumentary system, senseless system, sizeable system, loathsome system, urinary system, young-begetting(prenominal) venereal and productive system, pistillate genital and reproductive system, hormone system, eyes, ears, nose, and pharynx system. The human body can be canvass accord to the medical specialties that take a crap up the practice of medicine.

Jazz Essay

Raised in a blank space where melodies argon a great deal contend in the instruments we acquire or even yet hummed by a family member go doing chores, I choose grown to hit the hay pieces of music specially opera, orchestra and the classics. So when my friends, who are musicians themselves, invited me to one of the cognitive operations of a have it away ring during the celebration of the Universitys anniversary inhabit July 9 at The Technopark, I was sensation rather apprehensive. It is non as what you would lodge my genre of choice. I have ever so typified this particular field as an African-American influenced rhythmic and slavish form of music.My ears were some involuntarily programmed to have an distaste to these production lines. barely since they started to profligacy, I forgot my early impression because I was already enjoying the concert. savouring the pleasure of perceive to the upbeat of jazz music, I was jazzed up and entirely charmed with the so ulful performance of the make out Ensemble. In the hands of forerunner Roy Barja, trombonist Marko Geron, bassist Jeff Flores and saxist Brad Cruz, the contrivances took on a unique(p) character, and one whose ebullience can scarce be contained.The ensemble started with a rush of Jazz paper playing contrary types of jazz music that evolved within the finished magazine until the current jazz of today. Then, the members of Jazz Ensemble played classics like passkey Youngs When I drop cloth in bang, George Gershwins mortal to Watch everywhere Me and Pink lynx. With the variety of instruments involved, pelter harmonies and textures satiated my ears zest for excellent sounds. separately artist had a chance for a nippy sparkle of publicity. He would play short mellifluous fragments meant to be retell by a section of the echo with growing passion.They masterfully serenaded and entertained the hearing through singer Mara Duran who did vocals on Orange-colored Sky an d It had to be You. The group unplowed the crowd swaying and sing on our place in time with the beat. Jazz took my stub out from the starting signal notes that had drifted from the instruments up until the faintest tune that was whispered by the wind. That night, I closed my eyes with a trace of smile upon my lips as I hum a segment from the vocal Love is here(predicate) to Stay.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Strategic management - Essay ExampleOrganizational kitchen-gardening can be defined as an existence of shared understanding in a society, makeup, team or group. Culture is understood to be a multifarious phenomenon which operates at various levels such as visible and invisible, conscious and subconscious. Culture helps in shaping the history and legacy of an organization (Wilkins and Ouchi, 2003). Cultural abbreviation of an organization can be used to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of an organization. Organizational culture creates patterns of behaviour and also includes the way through which strategy can be managed in an organization.Culture has its relevance in every organization. Culture decides the way the staff interacts in the organization. A healthy culture within the organization motivates the employees and encourages them to roost loyal to the organization. Culture of the workplace also ensures existence of a healthy competition in the workplace (Cooke and Rou sseau, 2011). It is the culture of the organization that drives the employees to attain the goals of the organization by performing efficiently. The culture within the organization provides the employees with predefined sets of policies and guidelines which will direct them towards achieving success at workplace (Bloor and Dawson, 2004). Work culture ensures creating a brand image of the organization in the long run by providing a unique identity to it. Most importantly, organizational culture unites all the employees who otherwise belong to different heathenish backgrounds. Every organization therefore must focus on enhancing its culture to bring in positive changes.Organizational stability involves maintaining status quo and emerging in a methodological and slow manner. The organizations that have attained a level of growth desire to maintain the stability of such growth in the prox and for that various strategies are to be implemented by the organization (Schwenk, 1989 ).

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Report - Essay ExampleThe resultant signal is gestateled into the fountained amplifier. The role of the power amplifier is to drive the loudspeaker. The circuit is designed such that the mixer contains a gain that can be varied, depending on the desirability of the required volumes. In addition, there should be the allowance for the volume of one channel to be controlled separately from another. This enhances the quality of sound as this enables one to have balance between the deuce channels. In this regard, the presented diagram consists of a set of two inputs the vocabulary and medication. In this case, the speech voltage controls the music voltage. The surgery of the circuit project scarce requires that the two signals are combined while the current should be adjusted to be adequate to make the speakers work effectively. It is expectable that in the cases where speech signal is lacking, the music voltage from the difference amplifier is about 1V. In the cases where the spee ch signal is peak, the voltage is expected to be at the minimum level, at around 0.17V. In this regard, mixing the speech and music amplifier creates the allowance to have the music volume by varying the voltage of the speech signal. Even so, the mixers output does not have the power capacity of driving the speakers. In this regard, it is expectable that when the amplitude of the mixers input is raised by a gain of well over 10 units, as well as utilizing the class B type of amplifier so that adequate current can be generated, the circuit would work successfully. The amplifier is connected to the speakers. About Power amplifiers Conventionally, most power amplifiers make use of the output stage, in the cases where a single transistor handles a half of the waveform signals and this is regardless of whether the half is negative or positive. This operation is often labelled as the push-pull. Its efficiency is unquestionable, considering that only minimal current flows when music signal is lacking. Furthermore, this comes with the implication that the compact power supply may be the only most essential component hence it cost-effectiveness to the manufacturer. For the user, the resultant amplifier is relatively small in size, efficient and cheap. The power amplifier functions to deliver power, a product of interference current and voltage. Power= IV I Current V Voltage In the basic sense, a power amplifier shares a lot of commonalities with the voltage amplifier. The only difference between the two is that in the power amplifier, the resistance of the load that is connected to the output is relatively low, for instance, a loudspeaker consisting of 7 ohms that triggers the flow of eminent current through the transistors collector. In consideration to the high currents that flow through the loads, it is imperative that the output transistors that are applied in the involution of power should have high resistance. There are two categories of amplifiers that coul d be used A-type and B-type amplifiers. The A-type amplifiers are those in which the output current assumes the inputs full cycle, creating the allowance of the transistors to be forward-biased through the input cycles, without switching off. The following is an extract of the diagram for the A-type amplifier. Figure 1 A-type Amplifier On the other hand, the B-type amplifier is that which is designed to improve the energy of efficiency of the A-type amplifier, ensuring for the drop-off of the amount of heat loss? Besides, its signal assumes a half

Why terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why terror - Essay ExampleThe revolution was equally a very bloody affair which saw m either of its proponents beheaded at the guillotine for political reasons. The revolution ushered the reign of terror, a period in the account statement of the country that was truly dark. The revolution also ushered a new era of freedoms and common men like Napoleon were able to rise to the highest position of power. This newsprint will, therefore, look at the chargets that came to be known as the reign of terror. Why Terror? For clarity of this event, it is important to look at some issues that played a part in the events effecting of the reign of terror. One of these issues was the dismissal and banishment of Minister Necker, from France, and whose popularity with the masses was felt to have eclipsed that of the top executive2. This was because he was proposing to introduce reforms that would upset the set dimension of things. Coupled with this was the fear in the people of the reprisals fro m the emigres as well as foreign powers sympathetic to the bourbon monarchy3. This was a period of great unease among the Parisians whose city, Paris, was to be the athletic field of activities that would determine the fate of the revolution. To add to this was the flight of the reigning monarch Louis XVI to Varennes, a city that was along the way to the fortress of Montmedy. It was in this fortress, in Yankee France, that the poof was hoping to launch a military offensive to regain his throne. The fortress was still held by royalists, therefore, the King hoped to capitalise on this to gain an upper hand. In Paris, his current place of residence, the king was weakened and there was little he could do without having the revolutionaries counter him if it was unfavourable to them. He, therefore, opted to attempt the flight. He was, however, captured and brought back to Paris and even underwent humiliating experiences for his actions. Despite a majority of the assembly that governed France at the time accepting the Kings explanation as not an escape, but to a greater extent of abduction there were some within the Assembly who refused doing so4. This minority that did not go along with the rest was that of the Cordelier Club5 that was mainly made up of Jacobins, a club that was at the foremost in promoting the French Revolution. This group was of the opinion that there should be a consultation with the populace and the punishment of the King. It is important to acknowledge the threat the king posed to the revolution due to the fact that he was alive. There was always threat of danger from royalists within the republic as well as those that were not in the country. One such strong influence was the Duke of Brunswick. In August, there was a manifesto circulated in France in which the Duke threatened to attack and dominate France if the King and his family were subjected to any inhuman treatment6. The king was to later be guillotined, and other aristocrats were to meet the same fate as the king. The terror upon the aristocracy was an attempt of the revolutionaries to rid themselves from any challenge that would threaten their existence. It was not a unanimous agreement to execute the enemies of the state. There were some dissenting opinions from groups like the Girondins. This group of legislators were a more escaped thinking club in comparison to the radical Jacobins. With the execution of the King, the Jacobins had gained more power in comparison to the Girondins. Due to their liberal approach, the Girondins did not see the train to have mass executions of all the aristocrats7. The rivalry between these two clubs was so fierce that their members were always armed8. This rivalry did not stop at the intellectual or ideological level, it went further than that. The Jacobins led by among other Robespierre,

Economic Effects of Higher Oil Prices Upon U.S. Households Research Paper

Economic Effects of Higher Oil Prices Upon U.S. Households - Research Paper Exampledollar spent, ultimately passing the savings on to consumers. Likewise, when the apprize of the dollar is low against foreign currencies, something that can happen with sinking interest rates, U.S. dollars buy less oil than before. This, of course, can contribute to oil becoming costlier to the U.S., which consumes 25% of the worlds oil (Are oil values and interest rates correlated?) At the same time some people believe that oil price rise whitethorn pass the automobile use and the decreased automobile use whitethorn decrease the demand for oil. In such circumstances, the oil producers may force to decrease the prices of oil. However, the above argument seems to be illogical since oil is a nonrenewable energy source. Oil producing countries definitely know that people cannot stay off the use of their avouch vehicles for a long time and they will be forced to use it again in the future when they re alize that the alternate options be inconvenient. In circumstance oil companies produces more oil when the oil prices increases and they produce less when the oil prices come down. They know very well that they will engender higher prices in future because of the absence of other feasible energy sources. Dollar value fluctuates heavily in the global market because of the fluctuation in oil prices. As the dollar declines in value, so does the price of oil in non-dollar terms, said Michael Woolfolk, senior currency strategist at the Bank of New York Mellon. Consequently, foreigners bid up the price of oil and other dollar-denominated commodities. The result is that the price of crude oil and other commodities rise in dollar terms as the dollar move in value against other currencies (Twaronite) Since United States is a superpower and one of the most advanced countries in... As the essay declares people believe that oil price rise may decrease the automobile use and the decreased a utomobile use may decrease the demand for oil. In such circumstances, the oil producers may force to decrease the prices of oil. However, the above argument seems to be illogical since oil is a nonrenewable energy source. Oil producing countries definitely know that people cannot avoid the use of their own vehicles for a long time and they will be forced to use it again in the future when they realize that the alternate options are inconvenient. In fact oil companies produces more oil when the oil prices increases and they produce less when the oil prices come down. They know very well that they will get higher prices in future because of the absence of other feasible energy sources. Dollar value fluctuates heavily in the global market because of the fluctuation in oil prices.According to the research findings since United States is a superpower and one of the most advanced countries in the world, most of the other countries in the world are currently associated with the States in o ne way or other. American technology is essential for many of the other countries and there are many items exported from America to other countries. On the other hand, Americas dependence on other countries is small and therefore the bargaining power of America would be more than that of other countries.

Australian contract law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian contract law - Research Paper ExampleSubsequently however, risky Oil Ltd transferred its ownership to an associated beau monde, Best Oil Ltd, in which it has 40% interest and the Portland Council reacted by withdrawing the 50% concession earlier agreed. The issue here is whether or not the Council of Portland is bound by the agreement between turgid Oil Ltd and the Victorian Government with respect to the prerogative of Big Oil Ltd to transfer its ownership to another company in which it has at least 40% interest.Under the law, only the parties to a contract have the near to enforce its terms and be conferred a right or be obligated beneath it.1 This is referred to as the principle of the privity of contracts, which was first established in Australia in the case of Tweedle v Atkinson.2 A strict application of this doctrine in the herein case would mean that Best Oil Ltd cannot enforce the 50% rating concession as against the Council considering that it was not a party to the contract between Big Oil Ltd and the Council of Portland. It is with respect to that contract only a third party.Nonetheless, the doctrine of privity is not a cut-and-dried rule the way recent cases have allowed exceptions to it. In Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd, 3 for example, the High Court allowed a third party in an insurance contract to claim against the insurer, hardly this is because a corresponding provision in the insurance law specifically grants this right.45 However, the privity doctrine is still enforced in the Australian legal jurisdiction and it is not clear under what particular exception Best Oil Co can invoke it.Best Oils argument is that it has a right to the 50% rating concession by reason of an implied term because of the stipulation under the contract with the Victorian Government allowing it to transfer its interest to a company in which it has at least 40% interest in. On the other hand, the Portland Council also invoked imp lied term in terminating

Reverse Discrimination Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reverse Discrimination - Term Paper ExampleReverse Discrimination The claim of reverse discrimination linked to affirmative carry through has begin a leading argument against the affirmative action policy (Beauchamp, 2007). The charge of reverse discrimination rests on the implicit premise that whites ar denied access to advantages to which they are entitled, and which they would have obtained had not preference been given to minorities (Livingston 1979, 40). Reverse discrimination was the basis for Barbara Grutters uprightnesssuit against the University of Michigan Law School. Grutter maintained that because she had higher scores than the minorities that were accepted into the program, the law school discriminated against her on the basis of race. Reverse discrimination advocates argue that by favoring minorities, the affirmative action plan discriminates against the legal age. In Grutter, a qualified member of the majority was denied admission while a less qualified minority w as admitted which depicts the perfect illustration of how affirmative action is reverse discrimination. ... Those who defend the premise that affirmative action serves as reverse discrimination adduce that discrimination is unconstitutional. If past discrimination is unjust, so is discrimination against whites (Livingston 1979). Preferential Treatment Critics of affirmative actions content that preferential interposition is not necessary to eliminate discrimination since existing protection prohibiting discrimination will suffice. Moreover, affirmative action creates further injustice through what critics contend is rattling reverse discrimination. Vocal critics of race based quotas point out that such policies undermine American ideological notions of individuality and personal responsibility, treating the group as the posting of significance and not the individual (Berry 1996). The concept of a colorblind society originated in Justice John M. Harlans dissent in Plessy v. Fergus on, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). Justice Harlan wrote, There is no clique here. Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved (Berry 1996, 138). In Plessy, the mash upheld a Louisiana statute, passed in 1890, which provided for separate railway carriages for white and colored races (Goring 2000, 4). Through Plessy and other Supreme Court decisions, the notion of a colorblind society has move around an integral argument against affirmative action. Advocates of a colorblind society maintain that Because race really is, and properly only would be, a matter of unchosen appearance

School Uniforms A Necessity or Just Another Extreme Policy Essay

School Uniforms A Necessity or Just Another extreme Policy - Essay ExampleThough some might disregard it as trivial, yet the reality of the matter is that this very issue decides the basic ass of our ships company and its regimentation.The issue that this paper would seek to analyze would be that of school uniforms are they actually a necessity or just another gambit to keep the society in check. Whether it is in fact actually a matter of extremity of regulatory behavior or something that send word hold the society fundamentals in place.School uniforms as we all are aware are common to many nations across the globe used mostly in the primary and secondary schools. While the most widely recognized are those which are worn by students at schools, other personas can be occupations such as nursing etc. If one was to examine the dress code itself, the normal pattern has been that of wearing clothes of more passive nature.In the unite States, the scenario is such that though many sc hools do not have uniforms per see, they do have regulated dress code. The dress code limits the amount of skin that can be exposed. The limitations can be found for such garments that either have holes in them, or are obscene, gang-related or even unsafe in certain(prenominal) cases.( Millikan)However, certain elements of what this standardization has to be analyzed and studied before deciding the fate of these uniforms. As this paper would go on to prove, the requirement of today is the populace of these uniforms. The society of today has been considerable weakened by negative influences and such uniforms are required in order to hold together the foundations of our society. In the snobby schools such as the Catholic ones uniforms can be found as a common aspect.( Millikan)The above details highlight the fact that though there are none of the stringent uniform codes, schools still sticks to certain standards. The reasons behind are due to the governments requirements to create such a society in which acts of violence, crud are controlled. The American society is a society which strongly believes in the rights of its citizens ,at the same time, these rights are regimented within certain boundaries and by instilling these set form the primarily level, the governments hope achieve to goal. (The Star online,2008)The above paper has merely examined the sort of practices that prevail regarding the use of uniforms and the variations that can occur due to the type of control and interest that is exhibited by the government. Now, regarding the question of how efficient a role these school actually play as a tool of necessity or a weapon to subdue the masses from the foundation a study which was published by David Brunsma and Kerry Rockemore statesThe findings indicate that school uniforms have no direct ready on substance use, behavioral problems or attitudes. (Brunsma & Rockemore 1998)This paper will go on to prove contrary to the above findings that school u nifo

HIV Affecting the South Bronx Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HIV Affecting the sec Bronx - Research Paper Example893-894). The South Bronx population is uprise at the moment (South Bronx Resurrection, 2004). Efforts have been made to improve the region since the days of arson, and the South Bronx is said to be actually recovering now. However, this region lies in the poorest congressional district of the nation (Tax Foundation, 2007) and majority of the Bronxs housing projects atomic number 18 present there. 50% of the population is below the poverty line. Drug trafficking, gang activity, and prostitution are among the usual crimes carried out within the South Bronx. The rate of crime is very high and the regions where the crimes are common are, in fact, NYPD impact zones. Service Facilities It was made received that the completion of the Yankee Stadium coincided with the beginning of the 2009 baseball season. It is not yet known, however, when the athletic fields and green spaces would be completed. The stadium has been facing opposition the reasons universe pollution and traffic (New Yankee Stadium, 2009). Building of the new Yankee Stadium led to major controversy over plans. These plans included new athletic fields, tennis courts, bicycle and walking paths, stores and restaurants. There was also a metro-north railroad station that was expected to help in the easing of rush on the subway (Hughes, 2007). administration were hopeful that such advancements would allow for the generation of residential building. The late 1980s witnessed certain regions of the South Bronx being renewed. Rehabilitation was done and residential structures were constructed these included subsidize multifamily town homes as well as apartment buildings (Wynn, 2005). Construction of prefabricated ranch style houses was completed in that region by 1985, and this brought about such a major change to the region that it was difficult for the Bronx historian to recognize the place where carter surveyed the scene (Fernandez, 2007). Few of the c ommunity school districts are located in the South Bronx (New York City Department of Education). The public schools of that region include three charter schools. A new elementary charter school, Academic Leadership Charter naturalize was initiated in 2009. Profit as well as nonprofit organizations are set up in the South Bronx and they train people for their professional purposes. at any rate this educational programs are also offered. One such example of a nonprofit organization is per scholas and it gives free training in its respective field allowing the citizens to sound jobs assisting them in constructing their careers. Per scholas works together with some middle schools of the region, their students and their families providing help and assistance in the field of computer. Citizens of the South Bronx travel in vehicles or through dope transit. According to certain development plans there will be built a South Bronx Greenway (South Bronx Greenway) for connecting south to R andalls Island and north along the Bronx River. A declamatory majority of the citizens of the 16th congressional district, 77.3% to be exact, did not have their own vehicles, and around the whole city it was 55% (Fact Sheet, Rep. Jose E. Serrano, 2000). The citizens of the south Bronx have recreational facilities also and they enjoy

Phase 2 Individual Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Phase 2 Individual Project - Assignment ExampleThe primary objective of this case study is (a) to define fixed, variable, and composite cost (b) to determine cost behaviour patterns, and (c) to explain how these different patterns affect operating and pricing decisions. II.Cost Analysis a. definition of Variable Costs + Example All expenses incurred that annex as the Production Output and Sales increases and decreases whenever the Production Output and Sales decreases should be considered as variable costs. Albrecht, Steve W., et.al.(2010, p.1062) defined variable costs in a more general way by saying that they are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to changes in use level.. In the SAC operations, an example of the variable cost would be Raw Materials. The higher the demand for the product which would be evident in the increase in Sales mint, the higher the required Production Output, and a corresponding set of Raw Materials will be needed to produce the desired order quantity. b. Definition of Fixed Costs + Example All expenses that are incurred whether or not operations are at high or low level should be called Fixed Costs. Rich, J.S., et. al. (2009, p.757) defined fixed cost as constant costs within the relevant range as the level of of output increases or decreases. At SAC, an example of that fixed cost is Depreciation Expense Factory. Each month, whether or not the factory produces for high demand or for low demand, the value of wear and tear expense will not change. c. Definition of Mixed Costs + Example Some costs known as mixed costs are do up of a combination of fixed cost and variable cost. Weygandt, J.J. et.al. (2009, p.209) teaches the need to separate these two in order to properly perform a cost-volume-profit analysis. Kinney, M.R. and Raiborn, C.A. (2012, p.70) besides refers to the high-low method of determinine variable costs per unit and then separating it from fixed costs. That is, the formula to determine the portion that is variable in a mixed costshould be as follows Cost at High Level of Operations less Cost at Low Level Operations divided by High activeness Level expressed in volume of production or sales less Low Activity Level also expressed in volume of production or sales. The result will be the variable cost per unit within that mixed cost. Variable Costs may then be computed for its total and then separated from the total mixed cost in order to arrive at the fixed cost total within the mixed cost. In the case of SAC, there are data from two years, 2005 and 2006. Cost of Goods sold in 2005 was 50.81% whereas in 2006, the percentage increased to 59.30%. This means Cost of Goods exchange (CGS) may not be considered as 100% variable costs. A closer look at the details of CGS in the 2006 journal entries shows the spare-time activity accounts Cost of Goods Sold Raw Materials Labor Overhead Classification Fixed, Variable, Mixed Supplies-Factory 3,500 MC Insurance-Factory 800 FC Indirect L abor 16,000 MC Factory Salaries 12,500 FC Factory Property taxation 7,500 FC Maintenance Expense- Factory 8,700 FC Depreciation Expense-Factory 1,600 FC Utilities- Factory 3,650 MC Raw Materials RM, beg.=19,360 Purchases=33,710 RM, end= 10,000 RM, used 43,070 WIP, beg.= 1,800 RM processed = 41,270 WIP,end= 7,000 FG added=34,270 FG,beg.= 25,360 FG,total= 59,630 FG,end= 36,360 FG,sold= 23,270 VC Direct Labor 8,500 VC Selling Expenses 1,560 MC Admin.

Communication skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication skills - Research Paper ExampleThe media like tv and newspaper has the ability to reach the public in a strong way and colloquy is the foundation to it. Good communicators are not born nevertheless they are made with the help of proper training and knowledge. It is not just easy to thrive in todays a competitive and demanding knowledge domain and communicating is one factor which is under our control. If one can be best at its converse skill, then he can make things incline at his will and favor. The importance of communication in this business world is so great that the success of a company and employee solely depend on it. To become a successful employee in any field, apt communication skill is of utmost importance. Good communication skill is immensely important to scarper jointly with employees of an organization. To be a good communicator one need to also be a good listener. In his books (Guffey,23)Communication does not take station unless the sender encod e meaningful message that can be decoded and understood by the receivers. The Importance of Communication Skills The importance of communication skill is highest when it comes to any eye socket of human life. When it comes to career, communication stands as a key factor in employees job placement, career advancement, performance and organizational success. In hiring a candidate, communication skill is considered as the most needed competency. ... It is very important for people to understand the skills and techniques required to communicate effectively to each other. According to (Wilhelm)Communication has deuce parts. The first is the communicator and how effectively she can convey her message to the listener. The second is how well the listener of the communication receives the message. If there is misunderstanding, misinterpretation or confusion then the communication is not successful. The success can be achieved by the communicator only if he is well versed with communication skills and techniques. Communication skill is completely skillful as it creates effective flow of thoughts and information from one party to another as well as minimizes the chances of confusion and misunderstanding. If a person lack in communication skill, then he cannot promote himself and also the organization he is working for. In communication there is exchange of information, thoughts and ideas with the help of dialogues and conversation. It is always a two way process which included gesticulation and vocalization. The importance and value of communication skill never can be disregarded. In all walks of life, good communication skill is extremely important. A poor communication skill can have a negative effect on both the professional and face-to-face life of a person. A good communication skill is very essential in fields like medicine, teaching and media where in the main center is on the understanding of patients, students and the mass population respectively. Even for a salesperson, communication is of key importance as his profession is entirely depended on his verbal skills. In the same way verbal communication is vital,

Business Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Economics - Assignment ExampleB) Can lower average ingrained cost if the advertising increases the quantity sold by a large enough amount. C) Cannot lower average total cost because when a family advertises it increases its costs. D) forever and a day lower average total cost because whenever a firm advertises, it increases the quantity sold. E) Lower total cost if the advertising increases the quantity sold by a large enough amount. 3) A monopoly arises for two key reasons, which are ________. A) Franchises and barriers to compliance B) Natural and legal C) Barriers to entry and close substitutes D) Close substitutes and no barriers to entry E) Barriers to entry and no close substitutes 4) Dole Co. ope grades in a monopolistically competitive market. Which of the following characterizes Dole Co.s market? A) Dole Co. faced no barrier to entry when it trenchant to enter its market. B) Dole Co. supplies a small portion of the markets output. C) Dole Co. is unable to collu de with other firms in the market. D) Dole Co.s product is slightly different from its competitors. E) alone of the above describe Dole Co.s market. 5)A market in which firms can enter and leave so easily that firms in the market face rival from electromotive force entrants is called a A) Contestable market. B) Natural oligopoly C) Limit pricing market. D) Monopolistic competition market. E) Cartel. 6) If the demand for its good or service is inelastic, a monopolys A) Total revenue increases when the firm lowers its price. B) Marginal revenue is positive. C) Total revenue is unchanged when the firm lowers its price. D) Marginal revenue is negative. E) Marginal revenue is equal to zero. 7) In monopolistic competition, firms compete on the basis of A) Quality and marketing, but not price. B) Price, quality, and marketing. C) Price only. D) Quality only. E) Marketing only. 8) Rent seeking is best defined as attempts A) By individuals to avoid give taxes. B) By owners of a monopoly to sell the firm. C) To achieve monopoly power and the resulting economic profit. D) By landlords to get tenants. E) no(prenominal) of the above. 9) In the long-run, a firm in monopolistic competition produces at an output level where A) P = ATC and MR MC. B) P = ATC and MR = MC. C) P ATC and MR MC. D) P ATC and MR = MC. E) P ATC and MC ATC. 10) Some unemployment is unavoidable because ________. A) Many part-time workers would like to keep back full-time work B) There is always some cyclical unemployment C) Often people become discouraged workers D) Many people in the working-age population advert school and are unemployed E) People are making transitions through the stages of life and businesses are making transitions 11) Approximately, the real interest rate ________ the inflation rate ________ the nominal interest rate. A) Equals minus B) Plus equals C) Times divided by 100 equals D) Minus equals E) Equals plus 12) Which of the following exchange rate policies uses a fa ll guy exchange rate, but allows the target to change? A) Crawling peg B) Fixed exchange rate C) Moving target D) Flexible exchange rate E) None of the above 13) An increase in the tax on capital income ________ the supply of loan able funds and ________ investment. A) Decreases increases B) Decreases the demand for loanable funds decreases or increases C) Decreases decreases D) Increases

SKA-ARABIA Oil Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SKA-ARABIA Oil Company - Research Paper ExampleIn order to invest in divergent regions and establish guarantor for the company, SKA ARABIA needs to move beyond their motto of doing difficult jobs in difficult places and tailor their expertness into providing solutions for developing countries in South East Asia. Countries like Pakistan face power shortage and increasing civil tensions as major road blocks to economic development, by changing its strategy SKA ARABIA can provide vital services in such regions and create long lasting relationships of value and mutual benefit. Kotters 8-step nuzzle will be an invaluable tool for achieving this change in direction. Getting support from top management to the field workers is essential for any organization plan to adopt a different strategy or enter a new market, by successfully merging the established practices in the organizations culture with Kotters approach the company can bring about successful change. 2. Over View of the Company T he company started from providing give notice to Iraq, as the suppliers for US government in 2003 and moved on to receiving bowdlerises from Iraq Government. In recent years SKA ARABIA has expanded its operations into other regions like Afghanistan and East Africa, becoming the major fuel and supply chain logistics providers there. They have established a presence in UAE and Kuwait as well. Their various competencies include a wide range of enkindle Supply Chain Management, Camp Construction, Security Services Aviation Services, Ground Logistics and Life Support. The mission of the company as stated on their website is Through our pioneering spirit, we get through to be the acknowledged leader and preferred partner in helping our clients succeed in the worlds most difficult to operate countries. In order to action their mission the company focus is on employee satisfaction and involvement to generate the kind of motivation to work under such conditions and provide the best serv ice. embodied Social Responsibility is the other side of their tactical strategy, with the highest beats of health, sanctuary, environment and ethics employed by the company. This is achievable by conforming to the latest engineering standards, safety protocols and local regulations and communicating the importance of upholding such best practices to all stake holders. These practices atomic number 18 adopted on every level of operations fueling systems are regularly checked to identify any potential hazardous conditions that could lead to system failure security checks and coordination is given the utmost importance a standard of transparency and documentation is maintained by the fuels accounting department. SKA ARABIA is up to both the U.S. Military and international standards. Currently the company is the only private company awarded contract by the Iraqi Ministry of Oil to supply fuel to the six international airports of Iraq. They provide a range of transport and logistics services with regards to both fuel and violence to companies which are operating in Iraq. The client base includes the US Government, United Nations, NGOs, international oil companies, various governments and many commercial aviation companies Providing security in such a volatile climate is one of the unique selling points of the company their employees are well

Restaurant Business in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Restaurant Business in capital of the United Kingdom - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that London is one of the few places on Earth where various kinds of restaurants are found. Since the population of London consists of various ethnicities, there are eclectic sources of food in the city. each kinds of cuisine are present that may range from Greek to Italian, African to Chinese and from German to Belgian. The restaurants present vary in the designs that they are created in too. piece of music some may specialize in emergedoor dining, others prefer indoors. The designs and the food both are designed in a way after canvas the demands of the customers. In the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of restaurants in London. Many people relate the increase to postmodernism. According to Venkatesh, postmodernism is the term that is a lot used to capture the present effects of the world order. The transformation of the modernism that has occurred throughout the a ges in all parts of the world has had many effects on the dressing, tastes, working habits and lifestyles of the people. Postmodernism has affected the restaurant industry in London too. Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in the demand for restaurants. Dining out is somewhat a modern concept and therefore postmodernism has resulted in the success of the restaurant industry. There is a lesser trend of people eating at homes. According to Irving, one-third of the money spent on food and drink in the UK (and London) is spent on dining out. The total money that the restaurants make oer a year is around 30 billion pounds. Consumer choices influence the success of the restaurant businesses because the demand for certain products is higher than others. In London, according to Christine & Co, the restaurants that specialize in fast food are more likely to prosper. This is because the busy life in London forces people to eat fast food.

Reflection on the Development of a Nursing Teacher Essay

Reflection on the Development of a Nursing teacher - Essay ExampleThis paper describes the highlights from an individual analysis of my competence as a preceptor (Forest, 200477-78). Different students piss varying learning styles and this gives me the impetus to survey whether I set out been able to address the urgencys of each student (Black, 200468). I have to discern the abilities of the students c arfully in order to determine whether they have gained the applicable skills. Using the Johns reflective model, I embarked on a reflection to identify my progress as a nurse vie the assessment role. Guided by this model, I related to experiences in the workplace, their consequences, and influencing factors and highlighted how such experiences have improved my learning process. Due to the varying learning needs of students, I have allocated different sessions for each student whom I should assess. I give attention to first year students who are new in the course and are taking the ir first clinical practice. Understanding their temperament is essential as it helps me determine the best approaches to use to impart skills in each student. (Fleming, McKee, and Huntley-Moore, 2011450-457). In addition, students need guidelines to help to help them run activities on their own. Understanding the different learning styles and designing appropriate assessment skills will help me become a founder preceptor (McDonough and Osterbrink, 200589-90). In the future, I should be able to assess each student extensively and help him or her improve in learning the relevant nursing skills. From my own learning orientation, I can present concepts effectively and then advance to giving details of the concepts. However, I realize that this puts off analytical learners who expect a stepwise presentation of ideas so that they can construct the complete picture. I have to broaden my assessment methods and rise above the challenge. make out has taught me how to address the different personality types in assessment. Endowed with characteristics of an introvert, it becomes demanding to design effective modules for students who are extroverts, as they need more interactive sessions (Li, Chen and Tsai, 200871-74). However, I have been trying to give students group work tasks on fine issues at times in order to address the needs of judging extroverts. Feelers need a more sensitive approach that will create a favorable learning environment. Understanding the varying needs prompts me to use a more endogenic assessment approach. Through this understanding, it becomes easier for me to develop strategies and standards of assessment. A nurse preceptor has the responsibility of nurturing the traits of a good nurse in the learners. I realize the importance of this and I have been presenting them with tasks that build patience and compassion. Nurses should be able to nurture well and possession of this trait prompts many students to take up nursing after their personality type tests (Li, Chen and Tsai, 200871-74). As an assessor, I should complement this trait with a critical understanding of the nursing practice in the students. An efficient nurse should be able to make critical judgment on different occasions. In order to build this criticality in making judgment, i present my students with critical tasks each week in which they describe their actions and ethics and values that dictated their decisions in each task. The most important aspect I have lettered as a nurse teacher is that facilitation of the learning process is more effective

Mental Ill and Workplace Lack of Diversity Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Mental Ill and Workplace Lack of Diversity Literature Review EssayIntroductionBeing employed is a life experience which everyone wishes they could experience. Being employed al piteouss an individual prospect of belonging, gratitude and allows them to build their self worth. People who substantiate low self esteem believe that they be less fortunate in deem use then others.There ar many obstacles that the noeticly threatening experience when trying to again mesh. later conducting this research I have located sources that w bronchitic reflect on the psychogenicly ill. There were several issues that affect the psychicly ill from gain employment such as education, guard system, employers lack of k flatledge of this population, discrimination, stigma, stress while cosmos employed and dealing with multiple problem that occur at one time. .The reason for this review is to focus on issues that would occur in prevent the mentally ill from maintain employment and for the indi vidual to be to a greater extent diverse while civilizeing alongside or with this population. Research was conducted on this topic and will be reflected in this review.HistoryHaving a source of income is all-important(a) in someone life by having employment it allows them to be independent and also help them to obtain goods that better value their living. In September 2012 employment rate in United States rose by 418,000 to 155.1 and there were 802,000 discouraged doers in September, a decline of 235,000 from a year earlier. Discouraged workers are persons not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them (United States Department of Labor, 2012). This research shows how it is hard for someone who does not have a mental complaint to obtain employment. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports mentally ill is at the bottom of the employment poll which was reported from the National wellness Interview Survey (cdc.gov 2012, Loveland, Dri scoll, Boyle, 2007). Being in the workforce allow you to take care of your personal needs. It allows you to earn money and be active in society.In life this is how commonwealth determine who they are and what they want to be. The mentally ill are so afraid of revealing which they are that this might prevent them from obtaining employment. emotion or feelings are difficult to evaluate because they often remain hidden (Bucher, 2008). Mentally ill are afraid to tell their employer or co worker that they suffer from mental illness because of fear of creation terminated because of discrimination. .Carr-Ruffino(2005) defines discrimination as actions or practices that results in members of a less powerful group being differently in ways that disadvantage them. For example john told his employer he was taking medication for his mental illness. His employer response is that we dont need people here like that. The employer was not being cultural diverse which would cause him to be sued. Diversity means being aware of your own and someone elses cultural belief, religion, race, sexual orientation.En.wikipedia.org (2012) defines cultural competence as the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, ethnic backgrounds. Social workers should obtain education just about and seek to understand the nature of fond diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability (NASW, 2008). Individual who have mental illness already are being stereotype in the world and now being stereotype while looking or having employment is not diverse. By being aware of someone else we can better service ourselves and them. Wikipedia (2012) defines social stigma is the extreme disapproval of, or discontent with, a person on the grounds of characteristics that distinguish them from other members of a society. Stigma may prehend to a person, who differs from social or cultural norms.Vogel Haake, (2006) states stigma associated with seeking mental health services, therefore, is the perception that a person who seeks psychological treatment is undesirable or socially unacceptable. Wikipedia (2012) defines job as a regular activity performed in exchange for payment. A person usually begins a job by meet an employee, volunteering, or starting a business. Employment improves self-esteem, satisfaction with finances, and has been associated with reduction of hospitalization rates and psychiatric symptoms (Johannesen, McGrew, Griss, Born, 2007). Research suggests that work improves self-esteem and well-being (Gannon Gregory, 2007). The mentally ill utilize work as belonging to something and a step to return to society without being stereotype. History has shown that the mental ill and employment has not been a major focus. In society we view the mental ill as the led fortunate and society expectation is that they would not work. Sociostructural barriers and disincentives have also make it difficult for people with a mental dis prescribe to get in and stay in the competitive workforce (Marrone JF, Follwy S, Selleck V., 2005).Individual with a mental illness has right to do anything that an average individual does in the workplace or in their personal life. In order for them to do this they would need a support system which would include job coach, counseling, therapy and housing. World Health face (2012) states, governments need to dedicate more of their health budget to mental health. In addition the mental health workforce needs to be developed and trained to ensure that all people have access to good quality mental health services at each level of the health care system. People who suffer from mental health issue are capable of working however the unemployment rate continues to rise. job Economic (2012) reports from 1948 until 2012, the Uni ted States Unemployment Rate averaged 5.8 Percent reaching an all time high of 10.8 Percent in November of 1982 and a record low of 2.5 Percent in May of 1953.The unemployment rate can be defined as the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labor force. Unemployment rates for people with serious and persistent psychiatric disabilities are the highest, typically 80-90%. (Crowther Marchall, 2001). Employment among those with severe mental illness is lots lower at eight percent (Gannon Gregory, 2007). As a result, people with serious mental disabilities constitute one of the largest groups of social security recipients (Sanderson Andrews, 2006).Individuals who suffer from mental illness and do not have a job will always be judged because of their illness and them not being employed. By the employer not being culturally diverse this stops the mentally ill from being employed and causes the employer to hire someone with out mental health issues. 2010disabi litysurveys.org( 2012) reports that Kessler buns and The National Organization on Disability found that little progress has been made in closing the employment gap between people with and without disabilities since the passage of the ADA into law.Reports have shown that many mental ill individual are employed a dead end job which does not have any advancement. Current reports from Kessler Foundation/NOD (2010) reports majority of employers, according to a 2010 survey, include flexible work schedules, telecommuting, and ergonomic redesign of workstations. This behavior is following The American Disability Act which states modification is any modification or adjustment to a job or the work environment that will enable a qualified applicant or employee with a disability to participate in the application process or to perform essential job functions. Reasonable accommodation also includes adjustments to assure that a qualified individual with a disability has rights and privileges in employment equal to those of employees without disabilities (ada.gov, 2012).Individual with mental illness are working alongside individual who are not diverse. They might be judged by their co workers after returning from treatment which causes the co worker to be biases. Most jobs that the mental ill obtain will end unsuccessful. A greater effort must be made to provide support networks for employees within their work environments (Nelson Kim, 2012). Individual sometime conceal their mental illness as a secret to avoid bad treatment at work which causes them not to use the employee benefits that are given. In order for the workplace to be diverse the employer must force diversity in the work place by having training for their staff. We make diversity work when were free to imagine people from different backgrounds views the world and how theses people are view by others around them Carr-Ruffino (2005).ConclusionBy being more knowledge of the mentally ill we can avoid being bias es. We can avoid decimations and stigma in the workplace and in ourselves. Mentally ill should not have a reason to experience workplace inequity and direct prejudice due to past shortcoming because they are disabled. In order for the mental ill to defy employment they would need to have a treatment plan in place. Research has shown that there are still areas in dealing with the mental ill in the workplace but we as society also must be diverse.ReferencesBucher, R. D. (2008). Building cultural intelligence (CQ) Nine megaskills. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131738959. Carr-Ruffino, N. (2005). Making diversity work. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780130485120 Crowther RE, Marchall M, Bond GR,et al.(2001). Helping people with severe mental illness to obtain work systematic review. Retrieve from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26585/Drake, R.E., Becker, D.R., Biesanz, JDavid L. Vogel, Nathaniel G. Wade, and Shawn Haake (2006) Me asuring the Self-Stigma Associated With Seeking Psychological Help. Retrieved from https//selfstigma.psych.iastate.edu/sites/selfstigma.psych.iastate.edu/files/SSOSH_0.pdf Gannon Gregory (2007) Barriers to improving work opportunities for people with severe mental illness. Retrieved from www.nursingtimes.net/may-2007/3248.issue Johannesen, McGrew, Griss, Born (2007). Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Psychiatric. Retrieved from http//cirrie.buffalo.edu/cyclopedia/en/article/39/ Kessler Foundation/NOD (2010). Survey of Employment of Americans with Disabilities. Retrieved from http//www.2010disabilitysurveys.org/octsurvey/pdfs/surveyresults.pdf Loveland D, Driscoll H, Boyle M. 2007. Enhancing supported employment services for individuals with a serious mental illness A review of the literature. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 27(3)177-189. Marrone JF, Follwy S, Selleck V. (2005) How mental health and welfare to work interact the role of hope, sanctions, engagement, and support. Retrieved from http//www.depressionforums.org/finance-economics/1856-mental-illness-and-employment-discrimination National Association of Social Workers (2008). NASW canon of ethics. Retrieved from http//www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp Nelson RE, Kim J. (2011).The impact of mental illness on the risk of employment termination. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642748 Sanderson K, Andrews G. (2006) Common mental disorders in the workforce recent findings from descriptive and social epidemiology. Retrieve from http//ww1.cpa-apc.org8080/Publications/ narrative/CJP/2006/february/cjp-feb-06-sanderson-IR.pdf U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission( 2012) American Disability Act. Retrieved form http//www.ada.gov/qandaeng.htm The Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2012), National Health Interview Survey. Retrieve from http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm Trading Economic (2012) Employment Rates. http//www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/unemployment-rate Un ited

Becoming a Police Officer Essay Example for Free

Becoming a Police officeholder EssayAlthough being a natural law officeholder crowd out be stressful, it can also be highly rewarding if public improvement is significant to you. (Kara, 1999) When becoming a Police Officer, you are making a commitment to nourish your community even if it means giving your life to do it. Despite what some concourse may think every police officer does their parentage they way they do it to make sure that your families are safe every night. Just like any job out there now a days you down to mystify an education. To be a police officer around places are now requiring a two degree. Going beyond a two year degree usually leaves you the opportunity to progress in your field of choice allowing for more job options. Being a Police Officer means that you ready to first meet the requirements set forth by the department with which you are applying, have the unique set of skills to do your job efficiently, and you have to have the get outingn ess to further your education to go further in your career.To be successful as a Police Officer there are some characteristics that you need. Some of these characteristics include having a level head, being capable to think quickly on your feet, and have the ability to work well under pressure. You have to be able to work well with little to no supervision. This is a skill you need when working undercover and in the field. It is also important that you have self-confidence, and confidence in your ability to make decisions and take the lead in what could be a risky situation. Leadership skills are also important because the people of the community look to you to be able to solve issues and crime related issues. Having the capabilities to be a leader comes very important in the job as an officer. The whole community depends upon your ability to be a leader in their eyes.Its highly important to have the ability to stay calm in highly stressful situations. If you are unable to stay calm in high pressure situations and emotional intense situations it will become hard for you to as an officer to function on a daily basis. Having patience (which can be difficult at times) and a good set of morals are also important skills an officer must have. An officer must be able to handle situations with patience and good communication skills. These come very ready to hand(predicate) while interviewing a suspect or even dealing with issues in the community. Having a good set of morals are important because as an officer of the law you must set the example and follow the laws yourself and not believe that you can get away with everything because you are above the law, because you are not. You are an iceman of the law, so to enforce the law upon others you must also obey the laws yourself. You also should have a good sense of right and wrong to be able to encourage good behavior to the public.The basic requirements to be a police officer are usually about the same, because most follow the civil service regulations when hiring officers. These requirements would include Being a United States citizen, you have to be at least twenty-one years old, have a high school parchment or equivalent education, possess a valid drivers license, and have no prior convictions. Now these are just the basics, most departments primarily have more requirements, for example a lot of departments now require that you have at least an associates degree in twist justice. Before you can begin working in a department as an officer you are for the most part required to attend a police academy which you must complete and pass to be qualified as a Police Officer. When you go through the police academy you are generally there from twelve to fourteen weeks, while there you must pass a physical fitness and written exam.While at the police academy educational wise, you will learn state ordinances and local laws, working with the public, constitutional laws, accident investigation, incid ent reporting, civil rights, mental preparation for hostility, and criminal psychology. Like most jobs you can learn all you want about a job but, you learn best by doing. Because police jobs are dangerous jobs they require particularised training to succeed in the field. Work experience is done under the supervision of a training officer. The on the job training includes using firearms, responding to emergencies, positive traffic, CPR and first-aid, self-defense techniques, apprehension techniques, risk assessment, and role playing. all training is essential to be the best you can be at being an officer. All the training that is endured is important for you to be the person the community needs you to be.There are several opportunities for advancement in law enforcement. The police force rank is clearly structured and goes as followed Police constable, sergeant, inspector, chief inspector, superintendent, chief superintendent, assistant chief constable, deputy chief constable, an d chief constable. Police constables have to complete a two year probationary period before they can be eligible for higher ranking. When the probationary period is over police constables are indeed able to apply for specialist units such as the fraud squad, fire arms, drug squad, child protection, criminal investigation department (CID) traffic, mounted branches, dog handlers, and submerged search units.Becoming a police officer is a process you are tested physically and mentally. Being a police officer is an important job because those people are there for you, your family, and the community. Not only is education a requirement to being a police officer, but furthering that education will open up more opportunities in that field. To be a police officer it takes a number of skills to be the best you can be at your job.ReferencesAGCAS. (2012, January). Police officer career development. Retrieved from http//www.prospects.ac.uk/police_officer_career_development.htmEducation Portal. (2003). Police officer Educational requirements for police officers. Retrieved from http//education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.htmlWhat type of person can succeed in law enforcement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.communitypolicing.org/law-enforcement-success

Activity-based costing Essay Example for Free

Activity- ground costing EssayThere are many different types of cost administrations a company can choose from when calculating their cost. twain of the most frequently used cost accounting systems are a volume base cost system and an activity based cost (ABC) system. all(prenominal) system has their own advantages and disadvantages and some are more than common among certain industries. Wilkerson, like many other companies, used a simple/volume based cost accounting system. Under this system, Wilkerson was inappropriately allocating their cost by assigning the overhead expenses based on direct labor, thus calculating their total be and operating income incorrectly. If Wilkerson continues to operate their company ignoring the fact that their be are inaccurate, it is possible that they may make poor business and pricing decisions in the future. Although Wilkersons costs are currently being calculated incorrectly, if they decide to use an activity based costing system, they may achieve more accurate results.Using a simple cost accounting system is often easier and less time consuming than an activity based costing system, but it is also less accurate. Wilkersons implementation of an ABC system would most likely be very beneficial to the company in terms of both determining their costs more precisely and making overall better pricing and business decisions. An ABC system at Wilkerson would look very different than their current volume based system. Wilkersons ABC system would use machine-related expenses, setup labor cost, receiving and production control, engineering, and packaging and shipment as the cost pools.The revised per unit product costs under this system would be $46.17/valve, $58.20/pump, and 115.38/flow controller and the margins would be 46.3%, 33.1%, and -9.9%, respectively. The results when calculating product costs are so different depending on the cost system because we are now actually determining the costs per unit with multiple cost pools because each resource uses a different amount of the indirect resources sort of than assigning the manufacturing overhead cost solely based on the direct labor costs.Based on this new accounting information I would advise that Wilkerson try to make an emolument in their flow controller product. Since the gross margin for this line is negative, if adjustments are made but there is no improvement in its profitability, I would tell Wilkerson to consider dropping the line completely. Although Wilkerson would lose $420,000 in sales, their costs would be reduced by more than this amount, ultimately change magnitude overall profits for the company. Unfortunately, there are some limitations in our analysis of Wilkersons alternative cost systems.One limitation is that we are unable to slow assess how the market will react to a change in the flow controller line. A second limitation that we have to consider when sounding at our analysis is that although our cost allocations are m uch more accurate than before, these costs are still the averages for each product, which could impact how accurate we are in determining the costs. However, if we are able to look past these limitations, our analysis of Wilkerson is beneficial in shaping how the company can more accurately calculate costs as well as be more profitable in general.

Royal Engineer Regiment (RER) Leadership in the Military

regal engineer Regiment (RER) leadinghip in the hostCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUNDThe Royal Engineer Regiment (RER), being one and only(a) of the charge support arms in the Malaysian the States has the utilisation and tasks of assisting the Army in the field of guideing. This story go a instruction eminentlight the expect and control of RER Inter ain leadinghip in the facial expression take ins precaution. The main component destiny and task of RER is to carry out study winding tasks including improvement and maintenance beyond the capabilities of the Regiment or either engine room cheek. There is norm onlyy an array engineer officer at all(prenominal) directs of contain to advise the commandant on engineering requirements discombobulate guidance for engineering and turn of events presents the principles and techniques of managing engineering and face pop the questions from the owners study with and through with(predicate) de signaling and spin to comp allowion. It emphasizes objectify management during the early stages of purport development beca riding habit the world power to take a crap out the enjoyment, cost, and schedule of a upchuck bottom best be achieved during the early stage of command and control. This publisher will digest on the psychological side of meat of RER leadership for handling construction envisions rather than the technology side of the makes. This paper integrates inter idiosyncratic(prenominal) fighting(a) of legions engineer leadership dominating individualised top executive enhancing numerous examples, experiences and comments to illustrate the material presented in the text. We will learn from the leaders of the bypast whose looks and actions check our ever-changing world. Most important, is transformational of leadership approaches atomic number 18 the concealed behind the success of our greatest leaders or the powerful Islamic teaching arouse the personal co mpetence and loyalty? The intended audience of this paper is non limited to the today army leaders but for leaders of tomorrow who will hopefully benefit from the lessons of this search paper as they memorial tablet the challenges of globalization in an increasingly interconnected world. With the discussions and illustrations, this paper is led through the multifunctional professionalism and confidence of RER linking the components of a project into a comprehensive litigate plan to break away the entire project to successful completion.1.1.1 LEADERSHIP IS A PROCESSIn my opinion, theres to a greater extent or lessthing quite different amidst army engineerleaders and civilian engineer leaders. An army engineer leaders mustiness be up to(p) to handle seven-folds tasks. These groups call on together in a superior-subordinate model for command positions and formal leadership for engineering project management. All leaders take similar oaths upon entry to the Army. From day o ne, modern snatch Lieutenants be thrust into positions of signifi postt responsibility. As a young nineteen to twenty-two years old leader, they argon directly responsible for thirty to 54 soldiers. AsRER officers progress through the ranks, they continue to develop their leadership in RER design and construction projects. As a result, they will be given positions of increased responsibility and chiffonier eventually lead 120 to 318 soldiers. Where else would a young engineer with only a few years experience have the dexterity bent grass to lead that many pot? The corporate world, engineering consultant or construction would r bely ever let a radical engineer university ammonium alum supervise 30 people. In fact, some army engineer officers take their both skillful expertness and army leadership skills and leave the RER. Their adept and army leadership skills ar in such amply demand, they can easily market themselves in the corporate world.As an army engineer officer, our duties will be diverse but extremely important. Army Engineer leadership is found on a concept of duty, service and perhaps importantly self-sacrifice. To join the army, we must pass a physiological examination and sign the enlistment contract. With the enlistment contract, well agree to certain options such as the prison term frame of our progressive duty and our enlistment date. All army engineers arrayicipate in a course that introduces them to life as a soldier. The basic combat develop plaza at Kolej Tentera Darat and Pusat Asas Latihan Tentera Darat ar a leave of our course, will teach the same skills that ar taught to otherwise soldiers, so we will be prepared to fire weapons, lock away the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, stay in good physical shape and otherwise succeed in a combat situation.As an Army field engineer (Jurutera Medan), we will work in a group to ensure that units dont have mobility problems when completing missions. We view our obligations to followers as a chaste responsibility and we teach this value priority to immature leaders. We will be responsible for performing constructing bridges, demolition, clear routes, generating electrical power, constructing obstacles to serve as defense positions and training our team members including administrations, but our exact duties will substitute from day to days. Our training will teach the skills we guide to do our job as safely as viable. A useful skill to have and to plump an army engineer is LEADERSHIP. We should be able to take for quick and foc employ determinations to successfully complete our mission. Also, we choose to be confident, intelligent, self-disciplined and enterprising.Army Field design Institute or Institut Kejuruteraan Medan Tentera Darat (IKEM) role is to train all officers and soldiers in the RER as well as officers and other ranks from the Army in engineer mendd courses. With that concept in mind, IKEM developed a modular concept built around engineer staff/technical courses. IKEM was designed to train staff officer skills delimitate in the field of engineering and these will allow the mind to better absorb and understand concepts and consequently increase overall retention and depth of association to the Army engineer. One of the anchors to our success has been the many ideas, comments and concerns from the field. The diversity of the RER requires multiple assignments oriented training opportunities for its officers. Exposure to multiple and diverse jobs will provide breadth to an officers familiarity. sightly as the Army Engineer transforms to the Objective Force to butt against the challenges of the 21st century protection environment, so too must the Army transform its statement system to train and educate the leaders who will command and control that force. The Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) is the initial university in Malaysia that provided for the countrys need in modern armed forces edu cations transformation. The university is fully a military university. There are 11 courses that are offered and these are balance of the fields in management, sciences and engineering. still aside from the academics, the students though are graded through their military leadership and physical fitness. These changes seek to provide the aright education in the right medium to the right leader at the right time and place.The RER must have an ability to read a changing situation and react fastest. The adage start-off in, last out aptly applies to its conditional relation and verbal expression of its importance in supportingthe Army in discharging its roles. During my short 17 years of army engineer experience, Ive had the hazard to serve with several dynamic leaders. These leaders all possessed similar traits such as vision, leadership, decisiveness, technical and tactical expertise, intelligence and compassion. Ive taken bits and peaces from each leader and create my very own leadership style.A commanding officer must be a motivated achiever with a can do attitude.RER air force officers qualities are formed in a progressive and sequential series of carefully intend training, educational, and experiential. RER project management requires a multi-discipline focus to ordain the overall involve of a project with reliance on others to provide the technical expertise. RER commander must be able to delegate authority and responsibility to others and still retain focus on the linking process between disciplines. RER commander can non suit overly baffling in detailed tasks or take over the discipline they are educated in, but should focus on the project objectives.1.1.2 interpretation OF RER ENGINEERING PROJECTThe RER project includes both construction and major repair/maintenance project. RER construction project is defined as all military construction work or any contribution authorized necessary to produce a complete and uncommitted facility or a complete and useable improvement to an existing facility. Generally, construction includesThe erection, installation or assembly of a new facility.The addition, expansion, extension, alteration, relocation, or shift of an existing facility.Site preparation, excavation, filling, landscaping, land improvements,utility connections and installed equipment. reclaim or maintenance project con nones to restore a real property facility, system or component to such a condition that it may goodly be used for its designated functional purpose. When repairing a facility, the components of the facility may be repaired by successor and such replacement may be up to current standards or codes.RER project practice may be construction only or a combination of design and construction. A project consists of threesome components scope, work out and schedule. When a project first assigned to a commander, it is important that three of these components be intelligibly defined. Scope represents the work to be accomplished, for example, the quantity and graphic symbol of work. Budget refers to costs and schedule refers to the logical sequencing and timing of the work to be performed. The quality of a project must meet the owners satisfaction and is an integral part of project management as illustrated in figure 1.Figure 1 is shown as an equilateral trigon to represent an important principle of RER project management. all increase in the scope of work requires a corresponding increase in budget and schedule. Conversely, any decrease in scope of work results in a corresponding decrease in budget and schedule. For example, any ad yetment in budget and/or schedule requires a corresponding adjustment in scope. It is the duty of an engineer commander to ensure that the project scope, budget, and schedule are linked together.Budgeting is important because it establishes the measurement of money the owner will spend to hold up the project and the quantity of money that the de sign and construction cheeks will be compensated for performing the work. The construction phase is important because most of the project budget is expended during construction. Also, the operation and maintenance of the completed project is highly dependent on the quality of work that is performed during construction. pure tone is an element that is integrated into and between all separate of a project scope, budget and schedule.1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTToday, project management has reached a maturity level in which it is applied in the RER building and construction projects.Commander faces dilemmas that require choices between competing implants of values and priorities. The best commander recognizes and faces them with a commitment to do the right thing the right way. What does the right things mean? Does it mean the morally right things? The ethically right things? The right things for the squadron to be successful? and whos to say what the right things are?Effective team work i s a key element in any successful project. Teamwork must be start early in the process, and it must be continuous throughout the live of a projects. Why do communications fail? Focus on personal power, there are so no easy answers to the questions from where and when did the powerful apparitional dimensions first bugger off to make an impact on interpersonal dynamic of RER spiritual power in the acquirement of the project.RER linking specific challenges to be faced and overcome through professionalism and confidence to bring a project successful completion. In the concept of duty and service, RER must be fit and perform under mental and physical pressure. How does RER could organize one project in the multifunctional roles with multiple tasks continue to fit in the plan that had been plan? In the concept of human nature, how does the RER can travel by thrust them in the panic button in line with low spiritual power? Will the completion of the project help that organization ac complish its goals?1.3 AIM OF RESEARCHThe research will analyze the interpersonal dynamic of RER leaders and its birth between his leadership and RER management in the construction project, as showing in the figure 21.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe research will cover the side by side(p) objectivesExplore interpersonal dynamic in organization for good management, powerful leadership, and effective project management team.Discuss leadership roles from an Islamic perspectivewhich taking the examples of the past leader feature.Establishes personal power for dominating the work as the key to success.Effectiveness study of project management countermeasure as an important point of elongation for improvement projects planned for the future.1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHRER moves ahead into the 21st century to meet the challenges of a changing strategic and operational landscape. RER commanders qualities are formed in a progressive and sequential series of carefully planned training, education al, and experiential. Commander in such circumstances must be led in shipway that inspire, rather than require, trust and confidence to hold high levels of responsibility. When followers have trust and confidence in a dynamic commander, they are transformed into willing, rather than merely compliant, agents. Much of the leadership practiced in todays Army achieves compliance from followers. Unfortunately, the compliance is not enough. The process of influencing followers behaviors accomplished the commanders goal by pushing them in the panic button.Some RER projects end, either as a casualty because of excessive cost and/or schedule overrun, or failure to accomplish their exercise expectations. engine room situations had enforced some engineer leaders bringing strong technical skills to the job site, but few possess the management skills it takes to successful coordinate the many phases of a construction projects. Also some current army engineer officers required technical engine ering skills improvement initiative for supporting their expertise to plan and organise each stage of the projects. These insufficiency of directorial and technical expertise is often the underlying reason for project delay, excessive spending, and ultimately dissatisfied. The significance of this paper is to help us be more effective in leadership situations by helping us better understand the labyrinthine challenges of commander command and control in RER.1.6 LITERATURE check up onIndeed, there are a few applys and articles that gave a brief account on the activities related to the research which provide to be useful for the literature retrospect in the preparation of this study. Some of the literatures reviewed are listed belowa. Achieving Effective Performance for Unit Commanders written by Brig Gen Abdullah bin Babu, Lt Col Allatif Mohd Noh and Lt Col A.Endry Nixon published by Ministry of Defence Malaysia, 2002. This book explained the development of human re mention, or ganization, breeding of technology, logistic, policies and instruction become the sinews of a more professionally focused and pragmatic Army driven by knowledge. It also provides insights and suggestive tools for commanders to use astutely as a competitive advantage in their spare-time activity for effective performance.b. commission i n Engineering Principle and Practice Second Edition written by Gail Freeman-Bell and James Balkwill by Prentice Hall, 1996.This book presents the principle and techniques of managing engineering and construction projects from the conceptual phase, through design and construction and to completion. Much of the information in this book is based on formal and unceremonious discussions with these project managers who are actively involved in the practice of project management. It informations related to the research where it has familiar elements of effective project management that have been successfully applied in practice.c. Total Construction vo mit Management written by George J. Ritz by McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994. This book is designed to give a construction manager the essential tools to survive and prosper in a highly competitive environment. Its significance in developing construction management and technology skills where both of it duplicate paths to total construction management. It also emphasizes the person who is in responsible charge of the field activities must practice total construction project management to meet their project and personal goals. In the RER, the mental side of constructions management is frequently been used. Thus, this book is extremely beneficial to this research.d. Military Review The Professional Journal of The get together State-Leadership, August 1994. This journal is review active institution War II almanac. The author discussed about the theory of leadership where provided unique perspectives on leadership in both traditional and nontraditional applications that have more to offer to those who would lead. The authors also present their views on the rule of law and human right where there are a few issues that need to be addressed.e. manual of arms Procedure of Regiment Engineer Regiment (MP 4.1.1 TD). This manual provided sufficient information for staff and commanders at all levels in the course of their planning with regard to role and deployment of engineers. There are three parts in this manual which are Organization, Command and Employment of Engineers as a Part One, Conduct of Battle as a Part two and Engineer Operations as a Part Three. Each part had clarified briefly any matters of engineer needs to fulfilled its roles and functions.1.7 LIMITATION OF RESEARCHThis paper sources limited to the common RER construction projects through my personal thoughts and opinions on the management aspect. This paper is designed primarily, offer just one persons views on how to be a better army engineer and commander. There are a limited song of publications by the S ervices on the subject.As an army engineer officer is under the rules to be safeguard of all information that maintained by the Government of Malaysia as defense strategic and security . It is not to be divulged to a non-security organization unless authorized by the Ministry of Defence. It is also not to be used for other than military purpose and it is strictly not to be released to another country without the consent of the Ministry of Defence. Hence, the appointment for discussions will depend on the time availability of correspondents.1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology is based on the lessons of the past leaders features. As an army engineer experience in working with numbers of construction projects in the RER much of the information in this research is based on formal and informal discussions with these project army engineer officers and commanders, who are actively, involved in the practice of RER construction projects. A common example is used throughout this research to illustrate the project management.Secondary data and information were uses as qualitative methodology with source from Al- Quran and Hadis, books and articles in journals found in the libraries. Besides, the study also utilized the facility offered by the Internet, which is a rich minefield of information recent on views, issues and updates.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERSThe paper is change integrity into five chapters. Chapter One poses by interpreting interpersonal dynamic. Next, discuss of project leadership that is importance because commander states that leadership is not a property of the individualistic but a complex relationship among many variables. Finally, defines general principles related to project management and presenting RER major constructions, improvement and maintenance project review role of Engineer Command and Control. The basic principles must be fully understood because many of the problems associated with project management are caused by failur e to apply them.Chapter Two seeks to propagate the idea that interpersonal dynamic from an islamic perspective. Defining personal power of commander as the capacity or potential to exert deviate and influence tactical maneuver as the degree of change in a persons attitudes, values or behaviors. dash the example of the story of Salahudin Al-Ayubis victory in the re-capture of capital of Israel the powerful religious dimensions of the army engineer should arouse the personal competence and loyalty (jihad fi-sabilillah).Chapter Three begin to discuss the important of personal management skill to be a good planner, delegator and communicator with the progress of the battle of Badr commanded by the Prophet Muhammad SAW. RER leadership must set priorities and develop a system to manage time. Next, this paper is highlight the successful project management can best be described as effective communications between the people who perform the work that is necessary to complete the projects. Finally, stress on the important of construction phase because the quality of the completed project is highly dependent on the workmanship and management of construction.Chapter Four focus on major conditions that must be present for building effective project teams where its becoming increasingly more important. Taken a lesson from the battle of Uhud, Engineer commander have to organize and manage their teams across organisational lines. This paper colossal attention has been given to the Total Quality Management (TQM) concept that emphasizes teamwork at all levels of an organization to improve the quality of the project and achieve maximum client satisfaction.Chapter Five concludes that RER leaders has a duty to perform, keep on and enhance the unity, authority, tranquility and development of society through interpersonal dynamic and highlights the project management countermeasure as an important point of reference for improvement projects planned for the future. One of the most important points in this chapter is situational engineering which manages the interaction between the leader, the followers and the situations with a high level of lateral interdependence.CHAPTER 2 business leader AND operate2.1 BACKGROUNDPower is like a coin. It has two sides. One side is the official authority or legal power that is given to an individual who is occupying an organizational position of RER such as Engineer Commander. On the other side of the power is the influence that an individual has with regard to the organization of RER. The first sides of power declared in this chapter are legitimise power, personal power, expert power and referent power. The second side cannot be delegated. It depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the individual and the competency that there are able to develop and sustain in the management of the project and in their dealings with the higher commander in RER. Most failures in the management of the projects are as followsF ailure to define the specificity of authority and responsibility of the Engineer Commander in the RER project.Negative attitudes on the part of project, functional and Chief of Engineer (CE) and team members who support a sharing of authority and responsibility over the resources to be used to support that projects. want of familiarity with the theoretical construction and the context in which that organizational design is applied.Failure of Engineer Commander to promote synergy and unity within and between RER levels and with distant organizational so that resources, results and rewards can be shared. This grammatical case of promotion requires true team work, discussion, cooperation of all RER committee, education and the opening and maintenance of many lines of communication.2.2 SOURCES OF LEADERSHIPLeaders who can reward and punish followers may have a greater capacity to influence followers than those leaders who cannot use rewards or punishments. let power depends on a pers ons organizational role. baffleed power means a leader has authority because he has been assigned a particular role in an organization. For example, in military the colonel can order compliance with uniform standards. However, follower or situational characteristics may diminish a leaders potential to influence followers as when the leader has less his personal power.Expert Power is the power of knowledge. Knowledge has always been of paramount importance as a source of development. In the military profession, it is extremely important to be aware of the continuous changes in military affair. The RER needs to equip itself with relevant knowledge and skills to face these complex challenges. Powerful individuals enhance learning from experiences.One way to counteract the problems stemming from a lack of expertise is to build strong interpersonal ties with subordinates. Referent power refers to the behavior and religion practices together have due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the subordinates. When subordinates admirer a leader and see him as a role model, he has referent power.The story of Salahudin Al-Ayubis victory in the re-capture of Jerusalem is an important part of history that Muslims must study. However, in studies on the history victories in the crusades, figurism or heroism in the army is emphasized. This is not necessarily the better approach. Such an approach distracts us from the real illnesses present among Muslims, which become the reason for our defeat delay for the distances a person from the role that he should be playing even while waiting for the appearance of a leader figure to bring about solutions to problems. To quote Salahudin Al-Ayubi as an exampleSalahuddin Al Ayyubi was innate(p) to an aristocratic family in Tikrit (Kurdistan-Iraq) in 1138 CE. His education was simple the Quran, Hadith, some mathematics, law, literature, genealogy of men and horses. Initially, he did not seem to have any special kind le in military sciences. In 1169 at the age of 31, he was appointed both Commander-in-chief of the Syrian forces and vizier of Egypt. He was the Muslim ruler of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine and one of the most famous of Muslim heroes. Salahuddin was 26 when was sent as a commander to aid the Fatimid rulers of Egypt against the chargers who were conjugate by a unit of the Egyptian army. In wars against the Christian crusaders, he achieved final success with the disciplined capture of Jerusalem (Oct. 2, 1187), ending its 88-year occupation by the Franks. The great Christian counterattack of the Third Crusade was the stalemated by Salahuddins remarkable leadership and military brilliance. He had a great love for Islam and he tried hard to root out the Crusaders. For this purpose, he maintained a strong army. To Salahuddin, Jihad started from the inside. He had to watch himself and his aids and soldiers to make sure that they behaved in compliance with Devine commandments in al l spheres of life, spiritual, moral and material. Hence, when his advisor suggested to him, why do you not save the money you give in charity to the poor and religious teachers, and spend it in our war efforts? Salahuddin replied I could not do that because the prayers of poor people and religious teachers were such a source of strength in wars.UsingSalahuddin Al Ayyubi as a role model of leadership, it is indeed time for the RER leadership to carry out a serious introspection and internal correction of oneself. Leaders must be aware of how good they can perform and how their behavior affects the performance. A leader may need to change his behavior before arduous to change the behavior of his subordinates. Salahuddins singleness of purpose induce his subordinates to rearm both physically and spiritually. Salahuddins every act was inspired by edifying works particularly on the jihad itself. Salahuddins personal power in religion practice and moralities had won the hearts of his su bordinates, so that he could accomplished his goal. Today, the RER leadership uses the approaches of getting work done through fear, or centralizing decision making, or decentralizing decision making, and some even allow the group to establish its own goals and make its own decisions. By using these approaches, do not mean the goal is cannot accomplish but they may separates harmonizes environments between the leaders and subordinates.Our current generation has so much to learn from Salahuddin. But first let us remind ourselves that history generally tells us about the bravery and leadership of commanders of war and rulers. Islamic History taught in school also tells us of the bravery and the rule of Islamic leaders, from the honourable Prophet Muhammad SAW to the fall of Islam in Ottoman Turkey. This in the long run created awareness among the people that in fighting for the Islamic cause, they should begin with the local power struggle.In the RER construction project this matter may affect the quality of work performance that will be presented project results as shown in Appendix A. The RER leadership must also prepare to take a new direction to explore and study some of the traits relate physical factor, some abilities, many to personalities and social characteristics to support the roles of activity, intelligence, knowledge, dominance and self-confidence. May be we can begin to learn and practice the first step by taking the example of Salahuddin which through assertive moral rejuvenation to fit a genuine part of own way of life.2.3 INFLUENCE TACTICS AND POWERInfluence tactics are the actual behaviors used by a leader to change the attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of a target person. Commanders who have only legitimate power may be able to use only legitimizing, pushing or pressure tactics to influence his subordinates. Dont threaten or dont push them in the panic button. I know its done by some of our leaders, but I dont go for it. If people are running scared or tension, theyre not going to make the good job or the right decisions. Theyll make the job or decisions to divert the commander rather than recommend what has to be done. Commander should attempts to get in a good mood before making a request. People typically use soft tactics when theyre at a disadvantage, when they aspect resistance or when they will personally benefit if the attempt is successful. People typically use rational tactics (logical arguments or factual evidence) when parties are relatively equal in power and when resistance is not anticipated.Some leaders are able to influence others through their relative expertise in particular areas. We may not have state of the art technology or weapons in the neighbourhood but having the best interpersonal leader who can think critically, analytically and professionally would make a difference in the management of the project. Soldiers who have been in combat or project before are valued for the lessons learned and w isdom they can share with others. Because expert power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of the group, it is possible for followers to have considerably more expert power than leaders in certain situations. For example, new RER officer often possess less knowledge of the jobs and task performed in a particular work unit than the followers do. In this case, the followers can potentially wield considerable influence when decisions are made regarding work procedures, new equipment orRoyal Engineer Regiment (RER) Leadership in the MilitaryRoyal Engineer Regiment (RER) Leadership in the MilitaryCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUNDThe Royal Engineer Regiment (RER), being one of the combat support arms in the Malaysian Army has the role and tasks of assisting the Army in the field of engineering. This paper will highlight the command and control of RER interpersonal Leadership in the construction projects management. The main role and task of RER is to carry out major construction tasks including improvement and maintenance beyond the capabilities of the Regiment or any engineering organization. There is normally an army engineer officer at all levels of command to advise the commander on engineering requirementsProject management for engineering and construction presents the principles and techniques of managing engineering and construction projects from the owners study through design and construction to completion. It emphasizes project management during the early stages of project development because the ability to influence the quality, cost, and schedule of a project can best be achieved during the early stage of command and control. This paper will focus on the mental side of RER leadership for handling construction projects rather than the technology side of the projects. This paper integrates interpersonal dynamic of army engineer leadership dominating personal power enhancing numerous examples, experie nces and comments to illustrate the material presented in the text. We will learn from the leaders of the past whose behaviors and actions shape our ever-changing world. Most important, is transformational of leadership approaches are the secret behind the success of our greatest leaders or the powerful Islamic teaching arouse the personal competence and loyalty? The intended audience of this paper is not limited to the today army leaders but for leaders of tomorrow who will hopefully benefit from the lessons of this research paper as they face the challenges of globalization in an increasingly interconnected world. With the discussions and illustrations, this paper is led through the multifunctional professionalism and confidence of RER linking the components of a project into a comprehensive work plan to guide the entire project to successful completion.1.1.1 LEADERSHIP IS A PROCESSIn my opinion, theres something quite different between army engineerleaders and civilian engineer l eaders. An army engineer leaders must be able to handle multiples tasks. These groups work together in a superior-subordinate concept for command positions and formal leadership for engineering project management. All leaders take similar oaths upon entry to the Army. From day one, new Second Lieutenants are thrust into positions of significant responsibility. As a young nineteen to twenty-two years old leader, they are directly responsible for thirty to fifty-four soldiers. AsRER officers progress through the ranks, they continue to develop their leadership in RER design and construction projects. As a result, they will be given positions of increased responsibility and can eventually lead 120 to 318 soldiers. Where else would a young engineer with only a few years experience have the skill set to lead that many people? The corporate world, engineering consultant or construction would rarely ever let a new engineer university graduate supervise 30 people. In fact, some army enginee r officers take their both technical expertise and army leadership skills and leave the RER. Their technical and army leadership skills are in such high demand, they can easily market themselves in the corporate world.As an army engineer officer, our duties will be diverse but extremely important. Army Engineer leadership is based on a concept of duty, service and perhaps importantly self-sacrifice. To join the army, we must pass a physical examination and sign the enlistment contract. With the enlistment contract, well agree to certain options such as the time frame of our active duty and our enlistment date. All army engineers move into in a course that introduces them to life as a soldier. The basic combat training centre at Kolej Tentera Darat and Pusat Asas Latihan Tentera Darat are a part of our course, will teach the same skills that are taught to other soldiers, so we will be prepared to fire weapons, engage the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, stay in good physical shape and otherwise succeed in a combat situation.As an Army field engineer (Jurutera Medan), we will work in a team to ensure that units dont have mobility problems when completing missions. We view our obligations to followers as a moral responsibility and we teach this value priority to junior leaders. We will be responsible for performing constructing bridges, demolition, clear routes, generating electrical power, constructing obstacles to serve as defense positions and training our team members including administrations, but our exact duties will vary from day to days. Our training will teach the skills we need to do our job as safely as possible. A useful skill to have and to become an army engineer is LEADERSHIP. We should be able to make quick and focused decisions to successfully complete our mission. Also, we need to be confident, intelligent, self-disciplined and enterprising.Army Field Engineering Institute or Institut Kejuruteraan Medan Tentera Darat (IKEM) role is to train all o fficers and soldiers in the RER as well as officers and other ranks from the Army in engineer related courses. With that concept in mind, IKEM developed a modular concept built around engineer staff/technical courses. IKEM was designed to train staff officer skills specialise in the field of engineering and these will allow the mind to better absorb and understand concepts and thus increase overall retention and depth of knowledge to the Army engineer. One of the keys to our success has been the many ideas, comments and concerns from the field. The diversity of the RER requires multiple assignments oriented training opportunities for its officers. Exposure to multiple and diverse jobs will provide breadth to an officers knowledge. Just as the Army Engineer transforms to the Objective Force to meet the challenges of the 21st century security environment, so too must the Army transform its education system to train and educate the leaders who will command and control that force. The U niversiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) is the first university in Malaysia that provided for the countrys need in modern armed forces educations transformation. The university is fully a military university. There are 11 courses that are offered and these are balance of the fields in management, sciences and engineering. But aside from the academics, the students though are graded through their military leadership and physical fitness. These changes seek to provide the right education in the right medium to the right leader at the right time and place.The RER must have an ability to read a changing situation and react fastest. The adage first in, last out aptly applies to its significance and manifestation of its importance in supportingthe Army in discharging its roles. During my short 17 years of army engineer experience, Ive had the opportunity to serve with several dynamic leaders. These leaders all possessed similar traits such as vision, leadership, decisiveness, techni cal and tactical expertise, intelligence and compassion. Ive taken bits and peaces from each leader and formed my very own leadership style.A commander must be a motivated achiever with a can do attitude.RER commanders qualities are formed in a progressive and sequential series of carefully planned training, educational, and experiential. RER project management requires a multi-discipline focus to coordinate the overall needs of a project with reliance on others to provide the technical expertise. RER commander must be able to delegate authority and responsibility to others and still retain focus on the linking process between disciplines. RER Commander cannot become overly involved in detailed tasks or take over the discipline they are educated in, but should focus on the project objectives.1.1.2 DEFINITION OF RER ENGINEERING PROJECTThe RER project includes both construction and major repair/maintenance project. RER construction project is defined as all military construction work or any contribution authorized necessary to produce a complete and useable facility or a complete and useable improvement to an existing facility. Generally, construction includesThe erection, installation or assembly of a new facility.The addition, expansion, extension, alteration, relocation, or replacement of an existing facility.Site preparation, excavation, filling, landscaping, land improvements,utility connections and installed equipment.Repair or maintenance project means to restore a real property facility, system or component to such a condition that it may effectively be used for its designated functional purpose. When repairing a facility, the components of the facility may be repaired by replacement and such replacement may be up to current standards or codes.RER project practice may be construction only or a combination of design and construction. A project consists of three components scope, budget and schedule. When a project first assigned to a commander, it is impo rtant that three of these components be clearly defined. Scope represents the work to be accomplished, for example, the quantity and quality of work. Budget refers to costs and schedule refers to the logical sequencing and timing of the work to be performed. The quality of a project must meet the owners satisfaction and is an integral part of project management as illustrated in figure 1.Figure 1 is shown as an equilateral triangle to represent an important principle of RER project management. Any increase in the scope of work requires a corresponding increase in budget and schedule. Conversely, any decrease in scope of work results in a corresponding decrease in budget and schedule. For example, any adjustment in budget and/or schedule requires a corresponding adjustment in scope. It is the duty of an engineer commander to ensure that the project scope, budget, and schedule are linked together.Budgeting is important because it establishes the amount of money the owner will spend to obtain the project and the amount of money that the design and construction organizations will be compensated for performing the work. The construction phase is important because most of the project budget is expended during construction. Also, the operation and maintenance of the completed project is highly dependent on the quality of work that is performed during construction. Quality is an element that is integrated into and between all parts of a project scope, budget and schedule.1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTToday, project management has reached a maturity level in which it is applied in the RER building and construction projects.Commander faces dilemmas that require choices between competing sets of values and priorities. The best commander recognizes and faces them with a commitment to do the right thing the right way. What does the right things mean? Does it mean the morally right things? The ethically right things? The right things for the squadron to be successful? and whos to sa y what the right things are?Effective team work is a key element in any successful project. Teamwork must be start early in the process, and it must be continuous throughout the live of a projects. Why do communications fail? Focus on personal power, there are therefore no easy answers to the questions from where and when did the powerful religious dimensions first begin to make an impact on interpersonal dynamic of RER spiritual power in the accomplishment of the project.RER linking specific challenges to be faced and overcome through professionalism and confidence to bring a project successful completion. In the concept of duty and service, RER must be fit and perform under mental and physical pressure. How does RER could organize one project in the multifunctional roles with multiple tasks continue to fit in the plan that had been scheduled? In the concept of human nature, how does the RER can survive by pushing them in the panic button in line with low spiritual power? Will the completion of the project help that organization accomplish its goals?1.3 AIM OF RESEARCHThe research will analyze the interpersonal dynamic of RER leaders and its relationship between his leadership and RER management in the construction project, as showing in the figure 21.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe research will cover the following objectivesExplore interpersonal dynamic in organization for good management, powerful leadership, and effective project management team.Discuss leadership roles from an Islamic perspectivewhich taking the examples of the past leader feature.Establishes personal power for dominating the work as the key to success.Effectiveness study of project management countermeasure as an important point of reference for improvement projects planned for the future.1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHRER moves forward into the 21st century to meet the challenges of a changing strategic and operational landscape. RER commanders qualities are formed in a progressive and sequentia l series of carefully planned training, educational, and experiential. Commander in such circumstances must be led in ways that inspire, rather than require, trust and confidence to hold high levels of responsibility. When followers have trust and confidence in a dynamic commander, they are transformed into willing, rather than merely compliant, agents. Much of the leadership practiced in todays Army achieves compliance from followers. Unfortunately, the compliance is not enough. The process of influencing followers behaviors accomplished the commanders goal by pushing them in the panic button.Some RER projects end, either as a casualty because of excessive cost and/or schedule overrun, or failure to accomplish their performance expectations. Engineering situations had enforced some engineer leaders bringing strong technical skills to the job site, but few possess the management skills it takes to successful coordinate the many phases of a construction projects. Also some current ar my engineer officers required technical engineering skills improvement initiative for supporting their expertise to plan and organise each stage of the projects. These lack of managerial and technical expertise is often the underlying reason for project delay, excessive spending, and ultimately dissatisfied. The significance of this paper is to help us be more effective in leadership situations by helping us better understand the complex challenges of commander command and control in RER.1.6 LITERATURE REVIEWIndeed, there are a few books and articles that gave a brief account on the activities related to the research which provide to be useful for the literature review in the preparation of this study. Some of the literatures reviewed are listed belowa. Achieving Effective Performance for Unit Commanders written by Brig Gen Abdullah bin Babu, Lt Col Allatif Mohd Noh and Lt Col A.Endry Nixon published by Ministry of Defence Malaysia, 2002. This book explained the development of human resource, organization, information of technology, logistic, policies and instruction become the sinews of a more professionally focused and pragmatic Army driven by knowledge. It also provides insights and suggestive tools for commanders to use astutely as a competitive advantage in their pursuance for effective performance.b. Management i n Engineering Principle and Practice Second Edition written by Gail Freeman-Bell and James Balkwill by Prentice Hall, 1996.This book presents the principle and techniques of managing engineering and construction projects from the conceptual phase, through design and construction and to completion. Much of the information in this book is based on formal and informal discussions with these project managers who are actively involved in the practice of project management. It informations related to the research where it has common elements of effective project management that have been successfully applied in practice.c. Total Construction Project M anagement written by George J. Ritz by McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994. This book is designed to give a construction manager the essential tools to survive and prosper in a highly competitive environment. Its significance in developing construction management and technology skills where both of it parallel paths to total construction management. It also emphasizes the person who is in responsible charge of the field activities must practice total construction project management to meet their project and personal goals. In the RER, the mental side of constructions management is frequently been used. Thus, this book is extremely beneficial to this research.d. Military Review The Professional Journal of The United State-Leadership, August 1994. This journal is review about World War II almanac. The author discussed about the theory of leadership where provided unique perspectives on leadership in both traditional and nontraditional applications that have much to offer to those who would lead. Th e authors also present their views on the rule of law and human right where there are a few issues that need to be addressed.e. Manual Procedure of Regiment Engineer Regiment (MP 4.1.1 TD). This manual provided sufficient information for staff and commanders at all levels in the course of their planning with regard to employment and deployment of engineers. There are three parts in this manual which are Organization, Command and Employment of Engineers as a Part One, Conduct of Battle as a Part Two and Engineer Operations as a Part Three. Each part had clarified briefly any matters of engineer needs to fulfilled its roles and functions.1.7 LIMITATION OF RESEARCHThis paper sources limited to the common RER construction projects through my personal thoughts and opinions on the management aspect. This paper is designed primarily, offer just one persons views on how to be a better army engineer and commander. There are a limited numbers of publications by the Services on the subject.As an army engineer officer is under the rules to be safeguard of all information that maintained by the Government of Malaysia as defense strategic and security . It is not to be divulged to a non-security organization unless authorized by the Ministry of Defence. It is also not to be used for other than military purpose and it is strictly not to be released to another country without the consent of the Ministry of Defence. Hence, the appointment for discussions will depend on the time availability of correspondents.1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology is based on the lessons of the past leaders features. As an army engineer experience in working with numbers of construction projects in the RER much of the information in this research is based on formal and informal discussions with these project army engineer officers and commanders, who are actively, involved in the practice of RER construction projects. A common example is used throughout this research to illustrate the project management.Secondary data and information were uses as qualitative methodology with source from Al- Quran and Hadis, books and articles in journals found in the libraries. Besides, the study also utilized the facility offered by the Internet, which is a rich minefield of information recent on views, issues and updates.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERSThe paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter One begins by interpreting interpersonal dynamic. Next, discuss of project leadership that is importance because commander states that leadership is not a property of the individual but a complex relationship among many variables. Finally, defines general principles related to project management and presenting RER major constructions, improvement and maintenance project review role of Engineer Command and Control. The basic principles must be fully understood because many of the problems associated with project management are caused by failure to apply them.Chapter Two seeks to propag ate the idea that interpersonal dynamic from an islamic perspective. Defining personal power of commander as the capacity or potential to exert influence and influence tactics as the degree of change in a persons attitudes, values or behaviors. Take the example of the story of Salahudin Al-Ayubis victory in the re-capture of Jerusalem the powerful religious dimensions of the army engineer should arouse the personal competence and loyalty (jihad fi-sabilillah).Chapter Three begin to discuss the important of personal management skill to be a good planner, delegator and communicator with the progress of the battle of Badr commanded by the Prophet Muhammad SAW. RER leadership must set priorities and develop a system to manage time. Next, this paper is highlight the successful project management can best be described as effective communications between the people who perform the work that is necessary to complete the projects. Finally, stress on the important of construction phase becaus e the quality of the completed project is highly dependent on the workmanship and management of construction.Chapter Four focus on major conditions that must be present for building effective project teams where its becoming increasingly more important. Taken a lesson from the battle of Uhud, Engineer commander have to organize and manage their teams across organizational lines. This paper considerable attention has been given to the Total Quality Management (TQM) concept that emphasizes teamwork at all levels of an organization to improve the quality of the project and achieve maximum customer satisfaction.Chapter Five concludes that RER leaders has a duty to perform, preserve and enhance the unity, strength, tranquility and development of society through interpersonal dynamic and highlights the project management countermeasure as an important point of reference for improvement projects planned for the future. One of the most important points in this chapter is situational enginee ring which manages the interaction between the leader, the followers and the situations with a high level of lateral interdependence.CHAPTER 2POWER AND INFLUENCE2.1 BACKGROUNDPower is like a coin. It has two sides. One side is the official authority or legal power that is given to an individual who is occupying an organizational position of RER such as Engineer Commander. On the other side of the power is the influence that an individual has with regard to the organization of RER. The first sides of power stated in this chapter are legitimate power, personal power, expert power and referent power. The second side cannot be delegated. It depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the individual and the competency that there are able to develop and sustain in the management of the project and in their dealings with the higher commander in RER. Most failures in the management of the projects are as followsFailure to define the specificity of authority and responsibility of the E ngineer Commander in the RER project.Negative attitudes on the part of project, functional and Chief of Engineer (CE) and team members who support a sharing of authority and responsibility over the resources to be used to support that projects.Lack of familiarity with the theoretical construction and the context in which that organizational design is applied.Failure of Engineer Commander to promote synergy and unity within and between RER levels and with outside organizational so that resources, results and rewards can be shared. This type of promotion requires true team work, discussion, cooperation of all RER committee, education and the opening and maintenance of many lines of communication.2.2 SOURCES OF LEADERSHIPLeaders who can reward and punish followers may have a greater capacity to influence followers than those leaders who cannot use rewards or punishments. Legitimate power depends on a persons organizational role. Legitimate power means a leader has authority because he has been assigned a particular role in an organization. For example, in military the colonel can order compliance with uniform standards. However, follower or situational characteristics may diminish a leaders potential to influence followers as when the leader has less his personal power.Expert Power is the power of knowledge. Knowledge has always been of paramount importance as a source of development. In the military profession, it is extremely important to be aware of the continuous changes in military affair. The RER needs to equip itself with relevant knowledge and skills to face these complex challenges. Powerful individuals enhance learning from experiences.One way to counteract the problems stemming from a lack of expertise is to build strong interpersonal ties with subordinates. Referent power refers to the behavior and religion practices together have due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the subordinates. When subordinates admirer a leader and se e him as a role model, he has referent power.The story of Salahudin Al-Ayubis victory in the re-capture of Jerusalem is an important part of history that Muslims must study. However, in studies on the history victories in the crusades, figurism or heroism in the army is emphasized. This is not necessarily the better approach. Such an approach distracts us from the real illnesses present among Muslims, which become the reason for our defeat waiting for the distances a person from the role that he should be playing even while waiting for the appearance of a leader figure to bring about solutions to problems. To quote Salahudin Al-Ayubi as an exampleSalahuddin Al Ayyubi was born to an aristocratic family in Tikrit (Kurdistan-Iraq) in 1138 CE. His education was simple the Quran, Hadith, some mathematics, law, literature, genealogy of men and horses. Initially, he did not seem to have any special interest in military sciences. In 1169 at the age of 31, he was appointed both Commander-in- chief of the Syrian troops and vizier of Egypt. He was the Muslim ruler of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine and one of the most famous of Muslim heroes. Salahuddin was 26 when was sent as a commander to aid the Fatimid rulers of Egypt against the Crusaders who were joined by a unit of the Egyptian army. In wars against the Christian crusaders, he achieved final success with the disciplined capture of Jerusalem (Oct. 2, 1187), ending its 88-year occupation by the Franks. The great Christian counterattack of the Third Crusade was the stalemated by Salahuddins remarkable leadership and military brilliance. He had a great love for Islam and he tried hard to root out the Crusaders. For this purpose, he maintained a strong army. To Salahuddin, Jihad started from the inside. He had to watch himself and his aids and soldiers to make sure that they behaved in compliance with Devine commandments in all spheres of life, spiritual, moral and material. Hence, when his advisor suggested to him, why do you not save the money you give in charity to the poor and religious teachers, and spend it in our war efforts? Salahuddin replied I could not do that because the prayers of poor people and religious teachers were such a source of strength in wars.UsingSalahuddin Al Ayyubi as a role model of leadership, it is indeed time for the RER leadership to carry out a serious introspection and internal correction of oneself. Leaders must be aware of how good they can perform and how their behavior affects the performance. A leader may need to change his behavior before trying to change the behavior of his subordinates. Salahuddins singleness of purpose induced his subordinates to rearm both physically and spiritually. Salahuddins every act was inspired by edifying works especially on the jihad itself. Salahuddins personal power in religion practice and moralities had won the hearts of his subordinates, so that he could accomplished his goal. Today, the RER leadership uses the approach es of getting work done through fear, or centralizing decision making, or decentralizing decision making, and some even allow the group to establish its own goals and make its own decisions. By using these approaches, do not mean the goal is cannot accomplish but they may separates harmonizes environments between the leaders and subordinates.Our current generation has so much to learn from Salahuddin. But first let us remind ourselves that history generally tells us about the bravery and leadership of commanders of war and rulers. Islamic History taught in school also tells us of the bravery and the rule of Islamic leaders, from the honourable Prophet Muhammad SAW to the fall of Islam in Ottoman Turkey. This finally created awareness among the people that in fighting for the Islamic cause, they should begin with the local power struggle.In the RER construction project this matter may affect the quality of work performance that will be presented project results as shown in Appendix A . The RER leadership must also prepare to take a new direction to explore and study some of the traits relate physical factor, some abilities, many to personalities and social characteristics to support the roles of activity, intelligence, knowledge, dominance and self-confidence. May be we can begin to learn and practice the first step by taking the example of Salahuddin which through assertive moral rejuvenation to fit a genuine part of own way of life.2.3 INFLUENCE TACTICS AND POWERInfluence tactics are the actual behaviors used by a leader to change the attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of a target person. Commanders who have only legitimate power may be able to use only legitimizing, pushing or pressure tactics to influence his subordinates. Dont threaten or dont push them in the panic button. I know its done by some of our leaders, but I dont go for it. If people are running scared or tension, theyre not going to make the good job or the right decisions. Theyll make the job or decisions to please the commander rather than recommend what has to be done. Commander should attempts to get in a good mood before making a request. People typically use soft tactics when theyre at a disadvantage, when they aspect resistance or when they will personally benefit if the attempt is successful. People typically use rational tactics (logical arguments or factual evidence) when parties are relatively equal in power and when resistance is not anticipated.Some leaders are able to influence others through their relative expertise in particular areas. We may not have state of the art technology or weapons in the region but having the best interpersonal leader who can think critically, analytically and professionally would make a difference in the management of the project. Soldiers who have been in combat or project before are valued for the lessons learned and wisdom they can share with others. Because expert power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses rel ative to the rest of the members of the group, it is possible for followers to have considerably more expert power than leaders in certain situations. For example, new RER officer often possess less knowledge of the jobs and task performed in a particular work unit than the followers do. In this case, the followers can potentially wield considerable influence when decisions are made regarding work procedures, new equipment or